Corporate Tax Avoidance and Audit Efforts †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Tax Avoidance and Audit Efforts. Answer: Introduction The companies have to prepare the financial statements as per the conceptual framework and present the requisite information on the companys financials to both the internal and the external users, which can help them to take the economic and financial decisions (Flix, 2017) Internal users include employees, the director, the customers, the creditors, debtors, etc. whereas the external users include the financial institutions, banks, the government, tax authorities, etc. Further, one of the companies Wesfarmers listed on ASX has been analysed for disclosure aspects on PPE and how it fulfills the disclosure and qualitative information requirements of the user. The general-purpose financial statement aims at providing the relevant and reliable information and that can meet the requirement of recognition, definition, assets, liabilities, etc. The users of information do not only need the data on resources of the company but how they are being optimally utilised to the best benefit of the company. General-purpose financial statements also aim at disclosure of all the critical and valuable information on the company and its claims and the major and significant changes that the company might have gone through which may have an impact on the decisions. It also aims at finding out the reasons for the changes in the cash flow of the company through the statement of comprehensive income and the cash flow statement. Not only quantitative but the qualitative information is also required to complete the image of total changes in the companys claims and resources. For this purpose, the company prepares the statement of changes in equity.(Bae, 2017) Qualitative characteristics of financial reporting is equally important as the financial report itself as it helps in useful decision-making. It becomes more relevant and useful when it is timely, understandable, comparable and verifiable. The major aspects of this includes faithful representation of the financial data based on which decisions can be taken and it should be fairly material in the circumstances of the case. Comparability of the data means it can be easily compared with the prior period, with the other company in the same industry, with the budgeted data, and therefore it should be prepared in the same fashion. Further timeliness means it should come at the right time and not after the decision is already taken or at the last minute or else it will lose its relevance. (Jones, 2017) The 3rd qualitative aspect, which is verifiability, denotes that the financial statement should give a reasonable assurance to the users about the status of the company and should impart the information, which it purports to represent. The 4th and the last aspect of qualitative information is the understandability of the data which means that it should not be complex and should be easy to read and convenient to interpret. It should not be misleading and incomplete as this may have severe impact on the decisions taken. Generally, the financial reports is being prepared for a user having reasonable knowledge or finance and who can interpret it with diligence. The company chosen for analysis here is Wesfarmers Limited which is one of the major Australian conglomerate dealing in retail, coal mining, fertilizer, chemical, etc. It founded in 1914 and is currently listed on the Australian Stock exchange. (Jones, 2017) Depreciation is a major non-cash expense of the company, which can have a huge bearing on the financial results of the company. As a result, the disclosure in financial statements w.r.t. property plant and equipment becomes very critical considering its impact. As per AASB 116, the company is required to disclosure some of the significant information on PPE in the financial statements like the method of depreciation used, the change in the policy of depreciation, the addition to the gross and net block from the year, the retirement and write off in the blocks during the year, what is the class of the assets and the major category of assets which will form a part of the PPE, the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations on the PPE, etc. In addition, important is the disclosure of the management estimates and judgements taken in this respect and whether there is a change in the estimated useful life by the management.(Raiborn, et al., 2016) All this has been taken care by the management while preparing the financial statements which is evident from the below snapshots which pertain to the PPE section of annual report of 2016. The company has also disclosed the the funds used in buying the assets as well as the sale proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment via the cash flow statement in cash flow from investing activities.(Murray Markey?Towler, 2017). The company has clearly disclosed that it uses the straight line method of depreciation and the useful lives being used for various block of assets like 20-40 years for buildings, whereas 3-40 years for vehicles and plants and equipments, land being non depreciable. It has also shown the previous years data points, which help in comparison. (Knechel Salterio, 2016) The company has also disclosed the inter unit transfers, the inter entity transfer and the impact of foreign currency movement which needs to be adjusted at year-end. Thus, overall it meets the criteria of disclosure requirements in all the respects. Based on the findings of the information being disclosed in the financial statements for the property plant and equipment in the financials above, the company has disclosed all the fundamental disclosures and information namely relevant and faithful representation of the information on the basis of which the users of the financial statements can take decisions. (Fay Negangard, 2017) Moreover, all the material information namely the addition the retirements for the has been disclosed separately. These mainly comprise of vehicles, leasehold improvements, and plant and equipment is and is $ 984 Mn and $ 1,104 Mn for the year 2016 and 2015 respectively. In addition, disclosed is the information on the finance costs being incurred on the major capital projects, these are being capitalized with the construction costs and forms part of the borrowing cost. This complies with the standards on Accounting IFRS, which says that the finance costs being incurred on the qualifying asset should be capitalized with the value of the asset. Further, the basis of calculation of the interest rate has also been shown. Besides that, it also fulfils one of the enhancing qualitative characteristics of the financial statements being comparability.(Das, 2017) In each of the excerpts, the data pertaining to the last financial year which was reported in the last years annual report has also been given in a readable and easily interpretable format which enables the user to get better understanding of the financial report and thus enable comparability to do the run rate analysis and what is quantum of change as compared to last year and what is the reason of such change. (Gooley, 2016) Based on the findings we had in part c, the disclosures being made in the company financials with respect to Property, plant and equipment, the same fulfils most of the objectives of the general purpose financial reporting. It has been prepared and presented in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations, the International Accounting Standards and IFRS, which renders it useable and reliable and can be used by both the internal and the external users of the financial statement to take decisions. It has made all the necessary disclosures on the PPE being the method of depreciation used, the class of assets in the company, the change in accounting estimate, if any, the rates of depreciation used, the estimated useful life of the class of assets, what are the basic assumptions in PPE, the movement of cash flows in respect of PPE over the year and finally the management estimates and assumptions. The improvements that the company can make in terms of PPE is making the data presented in a more simpler way as every other person cannot interpret it in the way and manner it is presented. (Grenier, 2017)The company should move away from complexities and try to make the data short and relevant to the circumstances, Furthermore, for those who want in-depth analysis and information on the company, the management can present the methods by which it manages the PPE, the method of forecasting the requirements of PPE, etc. This would make the users to take the decision more promptly. Conclusion: In the given case study, we saw that the company has presented all the material information is an accurate and transparent manner, which enables the user to rely on such reports. It has also tried to keep the data points comparable, relevant and easily interpretable and published its financials within the right time making the information timely. Thus, it is the responsibility of the management to make financial statements as per the conceptual framework and make it relevant to the user. References Bae, S., 2017. The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(1), pp. 153-172. Das, P., 2017. Financing Pattern and Utilization of Fixed Assets - A Study. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(2), pp. 10-17. Fay, R. Negangard, E., 2017. Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud. Journal of Accounting Education, Volume 38, pp. 37-49. Flix, M., 2017. A study on the expected impact of IFRS 17 on the transparency of financial statements of insurance companies. MASTER THESIS, pp. 1-69. Gooley, J., 2016. Principles of Australian Contract Law. Australia: Lexis Nexis. Grenier, J., 2017. Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(2), pp. 241-256. Jones, P., 2017. Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing. NY: Routledge. Knechel, W. Salterio, S., 2016. Auditing:Assurance and Risk. fourth ed. New York: Routledge. Murray, C. Markey?Towler, B., 2017. A Theory of Return-Seeking Firms. SSRN, pp. 1-14. Raiborn, C., Butler, J. Martin, K., 2016. The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance. Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, 28(2), pp. 10-21. Sonu, C., Ahn, H. Choi, A., 2017. Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , 24(1-2), pp. 127-144.