Psychology The Behaviourist Approach And The Biological

An Introduction To Psychology Part 1 (AC1) Two perspectives in psychology are the behaviourist approach and the biological (also known as physiological) approach. These perspectives consist of different theories, research methods and treatments in relation to mental illness. The behaviourist approach believes that people, as well as animals, are controlled by their surrounding environment which has a direct impact upon their behaviour and whether they would suffer from mental illness (McLeod, S. 2007). Whereas the biological approach views genes, chromosomes and the nervous system as contributing factors to mental health and the way people behave, this theory believes that people have inherited traits of mental illness which may have adapted through evolution. These perspectives argue whether nature (biological) or nurture (behaviourist) have an influence over life and life decisions which has caused numerous ongoing debates (McLeod, S. 2007). Between the 1920s and the 1950s the behaviourist approach was often primarily used. Behaviourists thought that psychology should be viewed as scientific, therefore theories within the approach consisted of controlled observations and measurements of behaviour which resulted in quantitative data, sometimes through the process of experiments. Within this perspective there is no room for free will, as all behaviour and thoughts are determined by the environment (Don, K. 2015), this is also the case from the biological aspect as theyShow MoreRelatedThe, Biological And Humanistic Approaches And Will Compare And Contrast Assumptions On Human Behavior1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn psychology there are many different approaches to understanding the complexity of human behaviour, all of which have different methods of testing what factors can influence behaviour, varying from scientific to pure assumption in an attempt to understand human behaviour. This essay with explain the key ideas of the behaviourist, biological and humanistic approaches and will compare and contrast their assumptions on human behaviour. According to McLeod (2017), behaviourism is an approach in psychologyRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Human Mind And Its Behaviors1625 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, Psychology is â€Å"the scientific study of the human mind and its behaviours†. However, originally, Psychology did not begin as a science. The subject of Psychology began in 1879 when the first experimental laboratory was opened by Wilhelm Wundt. Since its establishment, Psychology has progressed into a world-renowned academic discipline with the formation of the first American experimental lab in 1883 and the first doctorate in 1886 which was presented to Joseph Jastrow, who became aRead MorePerspectives On Psychology And Evaluate Their Key Assumptions1547 Words   |  7 PagesPerspectives in Psychology This essay will give detailed descriptions of the behaviourist and cognitive perspectives in psychology and evaluate their key assumptions. The strengths and limitations of each perspective will be discussed along with an evaluation of their applications to contemporary issues in psychology. Finally there will be an analysis of the similarities and differences between each perspective and a conclusion. The behaviourist perspective is a scientific approach within psychology whichRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective And The Biological Perspective1306 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology is made up of many perspectives, such as, behavioural, biological, cognitive, social, humanistic and finally, psychodynamic. This essay will focus on the behavioural perspective and the biological perspective. According to J Walker (2012) the behavioural perspective is based on behaviourism and is the study of observing behaviour when in certain contexts and events. The biological perspective however, explains behaviour by focusing on the function of the nervous system, genes and the brainRead MoreWhat Causes Aggression? Is It an ‘Instinct’ or a ‘Learned Behaviour’?1703 Words   |  7 Pageswhich focus on biological or social environment influences. The following essay is going to explore and contrast the distinct views of the biological and behaviourist domains on determining ag gression. It will walk through the core ideas which form the basis for each theory and illustrate the main differences on whether they view aggression as an instinct or as a learned behaviour. I will conclude by assessing the validity of each theory based on existing research. The biological domain views aggressiveRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology1007 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology There are many different schools of psychology, each have their own views and they all look at psychology from different perspectives. I am going to outline six perspectives and then compare and contrast two schools. The biological perspective and major figures such as Karl Lashley looks to the body to explain the mind, they look at hormones, genes, the brain, and the central nervous system to explain the way we think, Read MoreSocial And Cultural Context Of Psychology818 Words   |  4 PagesKatja Gavrilina Define the term Psychology and discuss its history in light of social and cultural context, highlighting the significance of different perspectives in Psychology. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes and human behaviour. It had roots in philosophy and physiology, before becoming an independent scientific discipline in the late 1800 s. Descartes (1641) suggested that the mind and the body work separately, together creating the human experienceRead MoreThe Learning ( Or Behaviourist ) Approach1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe learning (or behaviourist) approach, at its core, is about how experience affects our behaviour and how we learn behaviours. This approach postulates that all humans are born as ‘blank slates’ and we become shaped by the environment that the person lives in. Behaviourism is concerned with the observable characteristics of humankind; their behaviour. This approach dismisses any internal workings because these workings are too subjective and difficult to observe; whereas observable behaviour canRead MoreEssay about History of Psychology1417 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the reasons for t he development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs. In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to thisRead MoreThe Application Of Psychological Perspectives Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesCertificate of Introduction to Psychology Assignment 1 The Application of Psychological Perspectives By Laura Burke Introduction The term psychology has taken on many meanings and definitions throughout the years, however, my favourite comes from Emma Zara O’Brien: â€Å"Psychology is the study of people: how they think, act, react and interact. Psychology is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivations underlying behaviour. In their search for the causes of diverse

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Thinking Errors Found and Fixed Free Essays

The Franklin Reality Model is a modeling technique that works to restructure thinging errors by way of cognitive thinking. Process is a step by step process where as you have a decision to make and you are given a few decisions, you make the one that you think will work, for whatever reason. Step two of this process is deciphering what effects come about from that decision, effectively you will begin to see a ripple effect based upon your choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Errors Found and Fixed or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ripple effect can be positive or negative, once again depending upon your choice but the technique gets one to thinking about the simple effects of what seems to be a simple solution until they learn to start thinking ahead about their actions before they act. To live, to love and be loved, to feel important, and variety are the basic components of this model. There are also seven natural laws within this model and they are 1. If the results of your behavior do not meet your needs, there is an incorrect principle on your belief window. 2) Results take time to measure. 3) Growth is the process of changing principles on your belief window. 4) If your self-worth is dependent on anything external, you are in big trouble. 5) Addictive behavior is the result of deep and unmet needs (of the four human needs mentioned above). 6) The mind will naturally seek harmony when presented with two opposing principles. 7) When the results of your behavior do meet your needs you experience inner peace. (Franklin Reality Model) In this model we place principles upon our beliefs. For example Saving money is a waste because I’m going to spend it anyway is a belief on a principle. With this thought then you can be assured that you won’t save any money and there will come a time when a repair on a vehicle is needed, or you lose a job and have no money to pay your bills; when this happens then what? This model has been effectively used and has effectively altered people’s way of thinking. Those with behaviorial issues to those with addiction issues have benefitted from this and the developers of this program use it with a high rate of recidivism within the prison systems. This gets to the root of an issue, of a bad thought pattern, how can one ignore this and at least not try. It is an eye opener exercise for everyone. References FRANKLIN REALITY MODEL. AS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING. 1986. http://www. gwcinc. com/C_Reddick/FranklinRealityModelAsCognitiveRestructuring. htm How to cite Thinking Errors Found and Fixed, Papers

Accounting Theory and Relation of People’s Behaviors †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Relation of Peoples Behaviors. Answer: Introduction The papers principal object is the examination of the validity and existence of the positive research comparison together with positiveaccounting to conclude on the relation of peoples behaviors and alsoaccounting settings. The papers targets are into drawing a meaningful conclusion while undertaking testing by using statistics and hypothesis tools. Critics are targeting the understanding of deficiencies and areas needing improvement on the research of models and also techniques. (Dunmore, 2009). The principal reason behind this argumentation is discussed with various results of coefficients and regressions. Its worthy to test whether positiveaccounting is accomplishing its goals and objectives or not while its been used widely these days (Lapsley, 2012). The matters that are being discussed here are samples from good papers, prospects of potential and positive accounting as discussed in the kuhnian crisis and revolution. Summarizing the justification of real reasons behind the reaso n why positive accounting research hasnt been able to accomplish its total potential which is been justified by critics. Summary of the Article Human being have different perception as per different scenario, they are logical. Hence, human beings never react the same way in two same situations; human beings react based on the circumstances and situations. Various situation leads to a different course of action. The difference in the matter and the factors lead us to various responses to the scenarios. Shortly, its more related to the type of situation. Different religious beliefs are examined and various scientific researches have been undertaken which results that the whole world is rational. All acts dont matter if theyre right or wrong is based on specific actions (Hopwood, 2007). The main object of this paper is the argument of human behavior and inquiries on scientific research. This paper will offer suggestions which could be of help in achieving the increased effectiveness of the positive research. There are many different research models based on positive research assuming human beings act rationally but never in the same cases or situations. The fundamental concept is applicable in almost all cases at the end the results suffer significant variations. The mistakes that happen are traced by the auditors. Management continues making faulty decisions that puts the entire flow at risk. Its very imperative and designated to happening cause therere some maters being considered from different perspectives and hence, also being pointed out by auditors leading to errors caused by management. Through different methods been applied understanding reactions coming from auditors basing themselves on human behaviors still are true reasons behind the above which hasnt been ascertained to these days. However, selecting samples picking them up for hypothesis is very important. These samples are in need on being corrected otherwise every research may not appear in correct directions (Tinker et. al, 1982). The highest important objective must be put to test and compared to different theories than to test just one theory under different conditions. The differentiation between two or various techniques is very important because they lead to better responses and any decision can be made regarding the selection. This paper is focusing in a more specific theoretical models needed. This is due to the fact that researchs need to be accurate because all decisions depend on them. Hence, in the view of different circumstances, its very essential that models development should get done attributing the benefits of researchs and the influence on the management (Christenson, 1983). The concepts of measurement are not well defined. As results coming from the testing if this is not done as required. Hence, it suggests the estimation of parameters. When the parameters are put to definition in a successful manner, it will provide strong support to all the decision making process. One disciplined and better defined activity of researching can be induced only if new concepts on measurement would be suggested. Thus, accurate concepts on measurement along with very limited research will be helping on the achievement of the objectives (Antle et. al, 2006). Research Question Examination of the effect of positiveaccounting research is the search question this article is focusing on and also targets the existence identifying logical or previously defined notions basing themselves in which all accountants and auditors make decisions very accordingly. One hypothesis test is conducted and samples are taken to the audits fees charging on the size of the audit firm and its challenges. These tests are being conducted to exanimate the basis of these audit fees, the use of regression techniques and also strategy used by all auditors in presentation of reports prepared by them and only them (Frankel et. al, 2002). The hypothesis is also based on quantities research, further beyond, only qualitative research tests whether auditors follow theatrical frameworks or also the validation of these frameworks and its relevance based on the report published. Results coming from it automatically are proof of both hypothesis and testing cannot be fooled ever and will not be ap plied practically. Hypothesis targets proves null hypotheses are wrong although results are based on samples. The big picture cannot be red mentioned through this process. This proves testings based on hypothesis are the providers of weak evidence. Thus it results in creating a doubt on the established facts. All the facts and measures cannot be depended as it is based on weak evidences. The facts can never be considered as accurate because of the sampling and the method. Although we are unaware of the facts as to which one is correct and which one is not. Hence, the hypothesis does not play an important role in the positive accounting research thereby stressing on the fact that the research does not provide a huge support to the positive accounting system. It seems to be identified wether positive accounting research is able to meet its targets or not. Wouldnt be wrong if we said that it would be very surprising to see theories succeding based on qualitative and quantitative research models (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework Accounting entities behaviors and auditors are never a match. It results to different behavioral paths which are being under observation in research and hypothesis conduction. Even though accountancy profession is governed by a big set of rules which is required to be well follow by all accountants and all accountants need to be depending on these set of rules in the accounting standards as issue by ministry of corporate affair and the chartered accountants institute still going through the research from these standards which can never suffer avoiding (Watts Supreme, 1986). The principal reason behind all research is deviation from all given rules set provided. Rigid rules cant be overlapped however, situations leading to deviations from rules are there, and results might not be obtained. All research is interdependent. To make tests of the positive accounting effectiveness the methods we must use are hypothesis and statistics.it cant also be avoided or mistaken, as therere flaws in relation to statistical methods which returns are due to conditions behind all hypothesis as null hypothesis, and also its occurrence probability (Ahmadi, 2011). This has already been mentioned earlier saying hypothesis results are depending on samples chosen to conducting hypothesis. Therefore, there are well-known facts of sampling plays the main role in every hypothesis. Samples chosen may not be right and hence wouldnt necessarily reflect the big and true picture of all total population. Samples may also get selected according to defined sets of parameters, however that particular sample may not have any relation to the while population sets and thereby comment on the whole population, by the help of samples this is not a rational judgment (Hopwood, 2007). Theres other loophole in association to the test of hypothesis being under conduction for researchs given. The second drawback will be that one alternative hypothesis is being put under consideration to compare and if it results to be weak then the results will not be effective as it might be proof of consistence with all different theories (Kaplan, 2011). At times, happens that each system is weak and not able to the generation of results in that case, the objective might fail and be unable to provide the accurate results. The Significance and Limitations of the Article The description with details of all testing and hypothesis methods above show us the clear picture where there are a lot of limitations to all those methods. To overcome these limitations an approach which is more advanced and practical will have to be applied and adopted thoroughly (Broadbent, 2010). This means a lot of research is required in the field and then a decision is needed to be undertaken. The author has very well identified the limitations of the testing methods as the critic of the concept is very well presented by the findings of the various authors. The author has concluded using theoretical assumption from the research being conducted based on the statistical methods that positive accounting research is not being able to achieve its aims and objectives. It is also being proved that the human beings act rationally hence the accountants and the auditors also give their reactions based on the facts and circumstances (Francis, 2006). Hence it also helps us in giving a better understanding of the fact that the methodologies used for testing are not useful in providing any meaningful solutions which could help in the contribution to the positive accounting research. Therefore, the development of a model that is more integrated is the need of the hour. It will help in providing stability to the research and lead to a better course of activity (Ashton et. al, 2004). However, it is really important to note that the author helped in discussing, identifying and providing the solutions that would help in a successful research program rather than only focusing on the limitations of the testing done on the basis of the hypothesis of the positive research program (Deegan, 2009). The methods suggested are analytical models, focus on measurement, replication, and using qualitative samples rather than the quantity. It also helps in understanding and knowing how a theoretically strong framework can be made and implemented to achieve its results. Therefore, the article stresses on ideas regarding the development of a framework that will be result oriented and will help the profession in the long run. Moreover, it is really urgent to have a strong model in practice so that the accounting profession is benefitted through it. The discussion clearly states that there are deficiencies in the system and it needs to be removed by brining a strong model into practi ce otherwise the very objective of research will prove to be of no avail. Conclusions The paper helps us in gaining an understanding that though positive accounting research has its limitations still it can be published though it deviates from its objective. Though it is diverting from the actual standard it also helps us to identify that a further research may occur which would definitely help in improving the quality of the positive accounting research and which would be beneficial to the profession of accounting and auditing both. There are various theories that are not challenged as because it is being assumed that these theories are applicable though they have never been experienced by anyone till date in the practical world of today. However, it is nowhere to conclude on the point that though there are deficiencies that exist in the social system but still the scope of further research in order to improve the accounting and auditing profession cannot be made limited. And there will always be a hope for the much better social system which would be in the pace wit h the growing knowledge and technology. This needs to be taken into consideration and a new model should be framed that will help in a better course of activity. References Ahmadi MR 2011, Comparative analysis of grammatical approach and positive approach in the process of theorizing about knowledge accounting, Journal of Financial Accounting, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 71-88. Antle, R, Gordon, E, Narayanamoorthy, G Zhou, L 2006, The joint de-termination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals, Review of Quantitative Finance Accounting vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235-266. Ashton, D, Dunmore, P Tippett, M 2004, Double-entry bookkeeping and the distributional properties of a financial ratio, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 583-606. Dunmore, P.V 2009, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand Fogarty, T. J Markarian, G 2007, An empirical assessment of the rise and fall of accounting as an academic discipline, Issues in Accounting Education vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 137- 161. Francis, J. R 2006, Are auditors compromised by audit services? Assessing the evidence, Contemporary Accounting Research vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 747- 760. Frankel, R. M., Johnson, M. F, Nelson, K. K 2002, The relation between auditors' fees for non audit services and earnings management, Accounting Review vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 71. Hannam, J 2009, Gods Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science. Icon, London. Hay, D. C, Knechel, W. R, Wong, N 2006, Audit fees: A meta-analysis of the effect of supply and demand attributes, Contemporary Accounting Research vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 141191. Hopwood, A.G 2007, Whither Accounting Research?, The Accounting Review, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1365 1374 Humphrey, C 2008, Auditing research: A review across the disciplinary divide, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal vol. 21,no. 2, pp. 170 203 Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292.