The Impact of the Internet on Journalism

Presentation â€Å"The greatest test confronting news-media firms today is the changing methods for dispersion of news through the news media foundation of the Internet and communication, which convey news†¦at a more noteworthy pace in increasingly available configurations and when purchasers request them† Freer (2007 p. 101).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of the Internet on Journalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freer’s words uncover that undoubtedly the web has an effect reporting dependent on the manner in which it has influenced individuals from getting to news through papers as well as TVs. The section of the web has demonstrated a hard nut to pop open as far as keeping up the customary journalists’ rehearses. Today, a large portion of the crowds don't invest their energy understanding papers, staring at the TV, or tuning in to the radio, as it was the situation for the entire of the only remaini ng century. To the more youthful ages, the utilization of online life has changed their point of view on papers. Today, individuals can get to data by means of an assortment of news channels. For example, with the new media stage, which s the web, one can get to a few media stages simultaneously through destroying. The assortments of web empowered data social event and dispersal instruments were not in presence until late 2000. For instance, blog, RSS channels, Gmail, web recordings, YouTube, Twitter, HD, Wi-Fi, iPods, Androids’, digital books, and Google news have been conceived as of late with an ability to acquire upheaval the universe of news coverage. As paper readership decreases, the utilization of internet based life increments. The crowd is devouring megabytes of data, which is by and large consistently provided by the news media. As indicated by Bird (2009, p.293), customers have had an amazing chance to get to news rapidly by means of their mobile phones or potenti ally PCs. In this manner, in light of this clue, the paper uncovers how the passage of the web has impactsly affected reporting. In any case, it will begin by giving a concise foundation of news-casting and a feature of its connection with the web. Foundation of news-casting Journalism is an activity led via prepared individuals in the field of gathering data in print, sound, or visual organization with an arrangement to move it to individuals as a method of staying up with the latest. Columnists have depended on conventional media since the disclosure of the print machine during the 1850s. As indicated by Schudson (2003), individuals depended on the papers and their activities for about a century. In any case, with the happening to the Web 2.0, there came online networks. Numerous writers and individuals have additionally figured out how to utilize such web applications to hotspot for news. The crowd has likewise increased a more noteworthy opportunity of data get to by means of pe rson to person communication destinations, utilization of wikis, utilization of video organizing, and through websites. All things considered, writers have needed to transform from their conventional styles of social occasion, bundling, and conveying news to current web put together journalism.Advertising Looking for paper with respect to interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More truth be told, the online networking represents the best test on today’s news-casting. As per Deuze (2007), the test presented by online life on news-casting might be a lasting one. Shoppers are tended towards devouring what they need, where, and when they need. The web has completely changed the essence of news coverage. The web has progressed electronic news coverage transforming it from a data change vocation to data handling one (Schudon, 1995). Web news coverage has come about to different effects. It has changed the capacity and nature of the media, empowered residents to add to media content, scatter data, counter news by means of virtual system, and to take an interest legitimately in news creation. Indeed, Jarvis (2006) alludes the web based media as arranged reporting. Effects of the Internet on Journalism The principal sway that the web on news-casting is that it has changed the capacities and nature of news coverage. This effect has been acknowledged through end of the job of guards. Residents would now be able to get to unfiltered data by means of the web. This case infers that, in spite of the fact that the guards may alter certain data to accommodate their home standards, dispose of criticism, or make it fit a specific space, the crowd has different channels of getting to data. This contention implies that the web has opened more spaces for the crowd. The time when the guardian would alter substance for the crowd has been wiped out by the web. The web has altogether changed the idea of news-cas ting on the planet today. Today, columnists from over the world can trade news data continuously. The web has advanced data trade over the globe. Live transmissions that stream by means of YouTube and Skype structure different roads that writers have consistently misused. The quality and assortment of news things have additionally expanded with more prominent data trade through the web. Columnists are likewise ready to control the guidelines of their work through live examination with other global media. The second effect of the web on news coverage is that it has changed news-casting from data dispersion to today’s’ data handling capacity (Schudson, 1995). The web, which is the latest media, has changed news coverage similarly as other media stages transformed it. The web is one of a kind in that it upgrades intelligence and contact with other media. This uniqueness has brought about noteworthy upset in news-casting and its way of life. With the web, crowd and the sou rces take practically equivalent jobs during the time spent data production.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Impact of the Internet on Journalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The past time when the media would shoot thoughts into the audience’s mind has been overwhelmed by time. Previously, a columnist with a scratch pad or a camera was compared to a monkey holding a stacked firearm and subsequently the previous enchantment projectile job of the media. Be that as it may, as per Bruns (2005), with the wide reception of the web, columnists are t contrasted and door watchers implying that their job has been diminished from the dynamic guards to lethargic entryway watchers. They have no capacity to restrict data stream: they are presently watchers or better despite everything witnesses. Columnists and residents are currently data exchangers since both depend on one another for data. Each resident can convey their feelings about certain reports by means of the web. Similarly, the crowd takes an interest during the time spent data preparing, which was previous bound for writers. Schudson (1995) asserts that the significant importance of news coverage in this period has been sectored on its capacity to expertly process data. With the current data over-burden from the web, the nature of such data can't be trusted. Today, individuals can transfer pictures and reports that are inclined toward accomplishing certain closures. To shield themselves from data misuse, the crowds need to keep counterchecking such data from confided in columnists. The third effect of the web on news coverage is that crowds have picked up the power to pick the data they need to expend. Bruns (2005) declares that the web has broken the data limits that existed throughout the years. The data world is not, at this point constrained by the topographical space. One can share news from a far mainland progressively by means of the web. The cro wds can likewise pick what to tune in to or watch by means of the web, for instance, through YouTube. They can likewise pick when to watch or hear it out through the way toward destroying. The web has empowered writers to contact their crowd 24 hours every day. This openness additionally empowers the crowds to give their criticism as well as add to media content whenever at whatever day along these lines permitting free progression of data. News coverage has additionally profited by the effect of the web. Guests can now email or joke certain remedies of incorrect reports before they are generally spread. For example, if there is a blunder of the quantity of casualties to specific mishaps, the onlooker crowd can in a split second convey to newsrooms for rectification in this way assuming the job that was at first implied for a writer before the web time. The crowd can likewise utilize the web to end the right foundation sounds, pictures, and pictures. The crowd can catch despite ever ything pictures, films, sounds, and occasions and transmit them to newsrooms with a tick of a button.Advertising Searching for article on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The web has additionally advanced the cash of data offered to people in general. Writers utilize the web to refresh data continually. The utilization of computerized broadcasting by means of the web empowers individuals to get consistent news update at the solace of their workplaces, rooms, and even games in this manner suggesting that one doesn't need to consistently convey a radio or a TV wherever the person goes. Individuals can likewise get sifted news data at whatever point they need it. Winged creature (2009) attests that, through the web empowered mobile phones, crowds can scan the web for applicable news data. The web has empowered a persistent progression of data in either measurement: from the sender to the recipient and the other way around. The same number of extraordinary newsrooms turn towards legislative issues, the web has empowered the crowd to get to crude data before it is altered to fit certain points. This mean

Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays

Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays Placoid scales are the minuscule extreme scales that spread the skin of sharks, beams, and different elasmobranchs. Despite the fact that placoid scales are like the sizes of hard fish, they are changed teeth and are secured with hard veneer. They develop out of the dermis layer and this is the reason they are called dermal denticles. Placoid scales are pressed firmly together, upheld by spines, and develop with their tips confronting in reverse. This gives the fishs skin a harsh vibe. The capacity of these scales is for security against predators. In certain sharks, they may likewise have a hydrodynamic capacity, helping them swim all the more effectively and unobtrusively. The placoid scales are molded with the end goal that little vortices structure, decreasing erosion as the shark swims. They likewise direct the water around the fish. The Structure of Placoid Scales The placoid scales develop out of the dermis, with the level rectangular base plate implanted in the skin of the fish. Like our teeth, placoid scales have an internal center of mash made up of connective tissues, veins, and nerves. Like the mash pit of a tooth, it is breast fed by a layer of odontoblast cells that discharge dentine. This hard, calcified material structures the following layer. The dentine is secured by finish like vitrodentine, which is created by the ectoderm. When the scale ejects through the epidermis, no more polish can be saved on that segment of the scale. Various species have various types of spines create to help the scales. The spines give the scales their harsh surface. It is harsh to the point that it has been utilized as sandpaper by different societies structure numerous hundreds of years. The types of fish can be recognized by the state of the scales and spines. On certain sharks, they are formed like a duck foot. Scales in hard fish develop as the fish gets bigger, however placoid scales quit developing after they arrive at a specific size, and afterward more scales are included as the fish develops. Shark Skin Leather The extreme idea of the placoid scales makes shark rawhide cowhide, called shagreen. The scales are ground down so the surface is unpleasant with adjusted distensions. It can take on color hues or be left white. It was utilized in Japan to cover blade handles, where its harsh nature was acknowledged to help structure a decent hold. Different Types of Fish Scales Ctenoid scales are another sort of toothed scales, yet the teeth are just along the external edge of the scale. They are found on fish, for example, roost that have sharp balance beams. Cycloid scales have a smooth surface and they are found on fish with delicate blade beams, including salmon and carp. They are adjusted and show development rings as they develop with the creature. Ganoid scales are jewel formed and they don't cover, yet they fit together like bits of a jigsaw puzzle. They are seen on gars, bichirs, and reedfishes, and they act like protective layer plates.

How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test

How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test Addiction Alcohol Use Print How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on November 18, 2019 FatCamera / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The FAST alcohol screening test screens patients for hazardous drinking in busy medical offices and emergency rooms. Its specially designed to make a fast assessment. The majority of patients who take the FAST test only have to answer the first question.  So, depending on your response to the first question of the test, you might not need to answer the other questions at all. This is what makes the FAST test potentially the shortest hazardous drinking screening tool available today. Questions on the FAST Alcohol Screening Test Here are the four questions on the FAST test: 1. How often do you have eight or more drinks on one occasion? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 2. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because you had been drinking? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 3. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of your drinking? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 4. Has a relative or friend, a doctor or other health worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down? __ No      __ Yes, but not in the last year.      __ Yes in the last year. How to Score the FAST Test To score the FAST test, use the following guide to scoring questions 1, 2 and 3: Never:  0 pointsLess than monthly:1 pointMonthly:  2 pointsWeekly:  3 pointsDaily or almost daily: 4 points To score question 4 use the guide below:   No: 0 pointsYes, but not in the last year:  2 pointsYes, in the last year:  4 points Analyzing the Results Now that you have the score, its time to analyze the results. As a general rule, higher scores are better than lower scores.   The maximum score you can get on the FAST test is 16.A total score of 3 indicates hazardous drinking.If a person answers never on the first question, he or she is not a hazardous drinker and the remaining questions are not necessary.If a person answers weekly or daily or almost daily on the first question, he or she is considered a hazardous drinker and you can skip the rest of the questions.If a person answers monthly or less than monthly to the first question, you need the other three questions to complete the screening for hazardous drinking. The FAST Test Compare With  the AUDIT Test and Cage Test The  AUDIT test, a longer screening test, is also an effective screening tool. However, it takes too long to administer and score in most busy physician offices and emergency rooms.   The FAST test is a short, two-phase test that  has four key questions from the AUDIT test. When compared to the full AUDIT test, the FAST test detects 93 percent of hazardous drinkers detected by the longer version. The  CAGE test  measures  alcohol dependency  over a lifetime and, like the FAST test, has four questions. The FAST test, in contrast, measures hazardous drinking in the past 12 months.

Psychology The Behaviourist Approach And The Biological

An Introduction To Psychology Part 1 (AC1) Two perspectives in psychology are the behaviourist approach and the biological (also known as physiological) approach. These perspectives consist of different theories, research methods and treatments in relation to mental illness. The behaviourist approach believes that people, as well as animals, are controlled by their surrounding environment which has a direct impact upon their behaviour and whether they would suffer from mental illness (McLeod, S. 2007). Whereas the biological approach views genes, chromosomes and the nervous system as contributing factors to mental health and the way people behave, this theory believes that people have inherited traits of mental illness which may have adapted through evolution. These perspectives argue whether nature (biological) or nurture (behaviourist) have an influence over life and life decisions which has caused numerous ongoing debates (McLeod, S. 2007). Between the 1920s and the 1950s the behaviourist approach was often primarily used. Behaviourists thought that psychology should be viewed as scientific, therefore theories within the approach consisted of controlled observations and measurements of behaviour which resulted in quantitative data, sometimes through the process of experiments. Within this perspective there is no room for free will, as all behaviour and thoughts are determined by the environment (Don, K. 2015), this is also the case from the biological aspect as theyShow MoreRelatedThe, Biological And Humanistic Approaches And Will Compare And Contrast Assumptions On Human Behavior1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn psychology there are many different approaches to understanding the complexity of human behaviour, all of which have different methods of testing what factors can influence behaviour, varying from scientific to pure assumption in an attempt to understand human behaviour. 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The behaviourist perspective is a scientific approach within psychology whichRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective And The Biological Perspective1306 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology is made up of many perspectives, such as, behavioural, biological, cognitive, social, humanistic and finally, psychodynamic. This essay will focus on the behavioural perspective and the biological perspective. According to J Walker (2012) the behavioural perspective is based on behaviourism and is the study of observing behaviour when in certain contexts and events. The biological perspective however, explains behaviour by focusing on the function of the nervous system, genes and the brainRead MoreWhat Causes Aggression? Is It an ‘Instinct’ or a ‘Learned Behaviour’?1703 Words   |  7 Pageswhich focus on biological or social environment influences. The following essay is going to explore and contrast the distinct views of the biological and behaviourist domains on determining ag gression. It will walk through the core ideas which form the basis for each theory and illustrate the main differences on whether they view aggression as an instinct or as a learned behaviour. I will conclude by assessing the validity of each theory based on existing research. The biological domain views aggressiveRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology1007 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology There are many different schools of psychology, each have their own views and they all look at psychology from different perspectives. I am going to outline six perspectives and then compare and contrast two schools. The biological perspective and major figures such as Karl Lashley looks to the body to explain the mind, they look at hormones, genes, the brain, and the central nervous system to explain the way we think, Read MoreSocial And Cultural Context Of Psychology818 Words   |  4 PagesKatja Gavrilina Define the term Psychology and discuss its history in light of social and cultural context, highlighting the significance of different perspectives in Psychology. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes and human behaviour. It had roots in philosophy and physiology, before becoming an independent scientific discipline in the late 1800 s. Descartes (1641) suggested that the mind and the body work separately, together creating the human experienceRead MoreThe Learning ( Or Behaviourist ) Approach1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe learning (or behaviourist) approach, at its core, is about how experience affects our behaviour and how we learn behaviours. This approach postulates that all humans are born as ‘blank slates’ and we become shaped by the environment that the person lives in. Behaviourism is concerned with the observable characteristics of humankind; their behaviour. This approach dismisses any internal workings because these workings are too subjective and difficult to observe; whereas observable behaviour canRead MoreEssay about History of Psychology1417 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the reasons for t he development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs. In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to thisRead MoreThe Application Of Psychological Perspectives Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesCertificate of Introduction to Psychology Assignment 1 The Application of Psychological Perspectives By Laura Burke Introduction The term psychology has taken on many meanings and definitions throughout the years, however, my favourite comes from Emma Zara O’Brien: â€Å"Psychology is the study of people: how they think, act, react and interact. Psychology is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivations underlying behaviour. In their search for the causes of diverse

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Thinking Errors Found and Fixed Free Essays

The Franklin Reality Model is a modeling technique that works to restructure thinging errors by way of cognitive thinking. Process is a step by step process where as you have a decision to make and you are given a few decisions, you make the one that you think will work, for whatever reason. Step two of this process is deciphering what effects come about from that decision, effectively you will begin to see a ripple effect based upon your choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Errors Found and Fixed or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ripple effect can be positive or negative, once again depending upon your choice but the technique gets one to thinking about the simple effects of what seems to be a simple solution until they learn to start thinking ahead about their actions before they act. To live, to love and be loved, to feel important, and variety are the basic components of this model. There are also seven natural laws within this model and they are 1. If the results of your behavior do not meet your needs, there is an incorrect principle on your belief window. 2) Results take time to measure. 3) Growth is the process of changing principles on your belief window. 4) If your self-worth is dependent on anything external, you are in big trouble. 5) Addictive behavior is the result of deep and unmet needs (of the four human needs mentioned above). 6) The mind will naturally seek harmony when presented with two opposing principles. 7) When the results of your behavior do meet your needs you experience inner peace. (Franklin Reality Model) In this model we place principles upon our beliefs. For example Saving money is a waste because I’m going to spend it anyway is a belief on a principle. With this thought then you can be assured that you won’t save any money and there will come a time when a repair on a vehicle is needed, or you lose a job and have no money to pay your bills; when this happens then what? This model has been effectively used and has effectively altered people’s way of thinking. Those with behaviorial issues to those with addiction issues have benefitted from this and the developers of this program use it with a high rate of recidivism within the prison systems. This gets to the root of an issue, of a bad thought pattern, how can one ignore this and at least not try. It is an eye opener exercise for everyone. References FRANKLIN REALITY MODEL. AS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING. 1986. http://www. gwcinc. com/C_Reddick/FranklinRealityModelAsCognitiveRestructuring. htm How to cite Thinking Errors Found and Fixed, Papers

Accounting Theory and Relation of People’s Behaviors †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Relation of Peoples Behaviors. Answer: Introduction The papers principal object is the examination of the validity and existence of the positive research comparison together with positiveaccounting to conclude on the relation of peoples behaviors and alsoaccounting settings. The papers targets are into drawing a meaningful conclusion while undertaking testing by using statistics and hypothesis tools. Critics are targeting the understanding of deficiencies and areas needing improvement on the research of models and also techniques. (Dunmore, 2009). The principal reason behind this argumentation is discussed with various results of coefficients and regressions. Its worthy to test whether positiveaccounting is accomplishing its goals and objectives or not while its been used widely these days (Lapsley, 2012). The matters that are being discussed here are samples from good papers, prospects of potential and positive accounting as discussed in the kuhnian crisis and revolution. Summarizing the justification of real reasons behind the reaso n why positive accounting research hasnt been able to accomplish its total potential which is been justified by critics. Summary of the Article Human being have different perception as per different scenario, they are logical. Hence, human beings never react the same way in two same situations; human beings react based on the circumstances and situations. Various situation leads to a different course of action. The difference in the matter and the factors lead us to various responses to the scenarios. Shortly, its more related to the type of situation. Different religious beliefs are examined and various scientific researches have been undertaken which results that the whole world is rational. All acts dont matter if theyre right or wrong is based on specific actions (Hopwood, 2007). The main object of this paper is the argument of human behavior and inquiries on scientific research. This paper will offer suggestions which could be of help in achieving the increased effectiveness of the positive research. There are many different research models based on positive research assuming human beings act rationally but never in the same cases or situations. The fundamental concept is applicable in almost all cases at the end the results suffer significant variations. The mistakes that happen are traced by the auditors. Management continues making faulty decisions that puts the entire flow at risk. Its very imperative and designated to happening cause therere some maters being considered from different perspectives and hence, also being pointed out by auditors leading to errors caused by management. Through different methods been applied understanding reactions coming from auditors basing themselves on human behaviors still are true reasons behind the above which hasnt been ascertained to these days. However, selecting samples picking them up for hypothesis is very important. These samples are in need on being corrected otherwise every research may not appear in correct directions (Tinker et. al, 1982). The highest important objective must be put to test and compared to different theories than to test just one theory under different conditions. The differentiation between two or various techniques is very important because they lead to better responses and any decision can be made regarding the selection. This paper is focusing in a more specific theoretical models needed. This is due to the fact that researchs need to be accurate because all decisions depend on them. Hence, in the view of different circumstances, its very essential that models development should get done attributing the benefits of researchs and the influence on the management (Christenson, 1983). The concepts of measurement are not well defined. As results coming from the testing if this is not done as required. Hence, it suggests the estimation of parameters. When the parameters are put to definition in a successful manner, it will provide strong support to all the decision making process. One disciplined and better defined activity of researching can be induced only if new concepts on measurement would be suggested. Thus, accurate concepts on measurement along with very limited research will be helping on the achievement of the objectives (Antle et. al, 2006). Research Question Examination of the effect of positiveaccounting research is the search question this article is focusing on and also targets the existence identifying logical or previously defined notions basing themselves in which all accountants and auditors make decisions very accordingly. One hypothesis test is conducted and samples are taken to the audits fees charging on the size of the audit firm and its challenges. These tests are being conducted to exanimate the basis of these audit fees, the use of regression techniques and also strategy used by all auditors in presentation of reports prepared by them and only them (Frankel et. al, 2002). The hypothesis is also based on quantities research, further beyond, only qualitative research tests whether auditors follow theatrical frameworks or also the validation of these frameworks and its relevance based on the report published. Results coming from it automatically are proof of both hypothesis and testing cannot be fooled ever and will not be ap plied practically. Hypothesis targets proves null hypotheses are wrong although results are based on samples. The big picture cannot be red mentioned through this process. This proves testings based on hypothesis are the providers of weak evidence. Thus it results in creating a doubt on the established facts. All the facts and measures cannot be depended as it is based on weak evidences. The facts can never be considered as accurate because of the sampling and the method. Although we are unaware of the facts as to which one is correct and which one is not. Hence, the hypothesis does not play an important role in the positive accounting research thereby stressing on the fact that the research does not provide a huge support to the positive accounting system. It seems to be identified wether positive accounting research is able to meet its targets or not. Wouldnt be wrong if we said that it would be very surprising to see theories succeding based on qualitative and quantitative research models (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework Accounting entities behaviors and auditors are never a match. It results to different behavioral paths which are being under observation in research and hypothesis conduction. Even though accountancy profession is governed by a big set of rules which is required to be well follow by all accountants and all accountants need to be depending on these set of rules in the accounting standards as issue by ministry of corporate affair and the chartered accountants institute still going through the research from these standards which can never suffer avoiding (Watts Supreme, 1986). The principal reason behind all research is deviation from all given rules set provided. Rigid rules cant be overlapped however, situations leading to deviations from rules are there, and results might not be obtained. All research is interdependent. To make tests of the positive accounting effectiveness the methods we must use are hypothesis and statistics.it cant also be avoided or mistaken, as therere flaws in relation to statistical methods which returns are due to conditions behind all hypothesis as null hypothesis, and also its occurrence probability (Ahmadi, 2011). This has already been mentioned earlier saying hypothesis results are depending on samples chosen to conducting hypothesis. Therefore, there are well-known facts of sampling plays the main role in every hypothesis. Samples chosen may not be right and hence wouldnt necessarily reflect the big and true picture of all total population. Samples may also get selected according to defined sets of parameters, however that particular sample may not have any relation to the while population sets and thereby comment on the whole population, by the help of samples this is not a rational judgment (Hopwood, 2007). Theres other loophole in association to the test of hypothesis being under conduction for researchs given. The second drawback will be that one alternative hypothesis is being put under consideration to compare and if it results to be weak then the results will not be effective as it might be proof of consistence with all different theories (Kaplan, 2011). At times, happens that each system is weak and not able to the generation of results in that case, the objective might fail and be unable to provide the accurate results. The Significance and Limitations of the Article The description with details of all testing and hypothesis methods above show us the clear picture where there are a lot of limitations to all those methods. To overcome these limitations an approach which is more advanced and practical will have to be applied and adopted thoroughly (Broadbent, 2010). This means a lot of research is required in the field and then a decision is needed to be undertaken. The author has very well identified the limitations of the testing methods as the critic of the concept is very well presented by the findings of the various authors. The author has concluded using theoretical assumption from the research being conducted based on the statistical methods that positive accounting research is not being able to achieve its aims and objectives. It is also being proved that the human beings act rationally hence the accountants and the auditors also give their reactions based on the facts and circumstances (Francis, 2006). Hence it also helps us in giving a better understanding of the fact that the methodologies used for testing are not useful in providing any meaningful solutions which could help in the contribution to the positive accounting research. Therefore, the development of a model that is more integrated is the need of the hour. It will help in providing stability to the research and lead to a better course of activity (Ashton et. al, 2004). However, it is really important to note that the author helped in discussing, identifying and providing the solutions that would help in a successful research program rather than only focusing on the limitations of the testing done on the basis of the hypothesis of the positive research program (Deegan, 2009). The methods suggested are analytical models, focus on measurement, replication, and using qualitative samples rather than the quantity. It also helps in understanding and knowing how a theoretically strong framework can be made and implemented to achieve its results. Therefore, the article stresses on ideas regarding the development of a framework that will be result oriented and will help the profession in the long run. Moreover, it is really urgent to have a strong model in practice so that the accounting profession is benefitted through it. The discussion clearly states that there are deficiencies in the system and it needs to be removed by brining a strong model into practi ce otherwise the very objective of research will prove to be of no avail. Conclusions The paper helps us in gaining an understanding that though positive accounting research has its limitations still it can be published though it deviates from its objective. Though it is diverting from the actual standard it also helps us to identify that a further research may occur which would definitely help in improving the quality of the positive accounting research and which would be beneficial to the profession of accounting and auditing both. There are various theories that are not challenged as because it is being assumed that these theories are applicable though they have never been experienced by anyone till date in the practical world of today. However, it is nowhere to conclude on the point that though there are deficiencies that exist in the social system but still the scope of further research in order to improve the accounting and auditing profession cannot be made limited. And there will always be a hope for the much better social system which would be in the pace wit h the growing knowledge and technology. This needs to be taken into consideration and a new model should be framed that will help in a better course of activity. References Ahmadi MR 2011, Comparative analysis of grammatical approach and positive approach in the process of theorizing about knowledge accounting, Journal of Financial Accounting, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 71-88. Antle, R, Gordon, E, Narayanamoorthy, G Zhou, L 2006, The joint de-termination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals, Review of Quantitative Finance Accounting vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235-266. Ashton, D, Dunmore, P Tippett, M 2004, Double-entry bookkeeping and the distributional properties of a financial ratio, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 583-606. Dunmore, P.V 2009, Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand Fogarty, T. J Markarian, G 2007, An empirical assessment of the rise and fall of accounting as an academic discipline, Issues in Accounting Education vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 137- 161. Francis, J. R 2006, Are auditors compromised by audit services? Assessing the evidence, Contemporary Accounting Research vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 747- 760. Frankel, R. M., Johnson, M. F, Nelson, K. K 2002, The relation between auditors' fees for non audit services and earnings management, Accounting Review vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 71. Hannam, J 2009, Gods Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science. Icon, London. Hay, D. C, Knechel, W. R, Wong, N 2006, Audit fees: A meta-analysis of the effect of supply and demand attributes, Contemporary Accounting Research vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 141191. Hopwood, A.G 2007, Whither Accounting Research?, The Accounting Review, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1365 1374 Humphrey, C 2008, Auditing research: A review across the disciplinary divide, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal vol. 21,no. 2, pp. 170 203 Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292.

Vinegar Tom Essay Example

Vinegar Tom Paper Caryl Churchill uses different types of language throughout the play to give depth to and display the emotions of the characters in Vinegar Tom. This can be seen from the offset of the play in which Alice talks to the man passing through the village. The Man The mans opening line is; am I the devil? asked to Alice. She does not seem to understand and so he continues, Im the devil. Man in black they say, the man would seem to lack confidence and this is something Churchill builds on in the next few lines; Have I not got great burning eyes then? Is my body not rough and hairy? Didnt it hurt you? Are you saying it didnt hurt you? He clearly has a low self esteem and is self conscious of in the way he looks and the size of his penis. These are all things he is worried by but the root of all his fears are revealed after these initial worries. The line So you think that was no sin we did? reveals religion to the conversation. The man is confused by religion. People at the time were not sure weather to be Protestant or Catholic. He talks of how one of his family was burnt for being Catholic so they became Protestant and one burnt for that to. He is afraid of his sins. That is why he was asking if he was the devil at the beginning, because he was afraid that the sin they had committed was so bad that he was becoming the devil or that the devil was going to get him for it, sometimes I think the devil has me. He is afraid that his sins are going to far. He calls Alice a whore and then begins to leave and curses at her, Devil take you, whore, whore, dammed strumpet, succubus, witch! We will write a custom essay sample on Vinegar Tom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vinegar Tom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vinegar Tom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He sees her as one of his sins and is disgusted by her. He shouts and then leaves. Alice When Alice meets the man for the first time she uses a pet name for him. She does this because she does not yet no his name. She asks him What sweet? and calls him Darling. She is friendly and polite to him, she listens to what he has to say and defends him from his own self confidence like; It seemed a fair size, like other mens. and I dont like a man too smooth. She does this to be friendly and because she wants the man to stay with her. When he begins to leave she begs him to stay saying, Your not going? Stay with me, please. Alice is a kind person and lonely, she is so desperate for a man that she doesnt see that shes been used. He has to knock her down before she becomes resentful of him. She curses at him, Go to hell then go to the devil, you devil. This is very serious language for the time the play is set in as people were very afraid of hell and of the devil. Alice is furious and upset by the man and her language is used to reflect her mood. Jack Jack is a cruel and evil man.

Finding Old ACT Test Scores

Finding Old ACT Test Scores Lets say you graduated from high school, had a great job lined up, and jumped right into the workforce. After a few years without raises, though, a bachelors  degree began to sound  good. As part of the college admissions process, youll probably need your old  ACT  scores. Here are the steps to retrieving your old ACT scores. Remember Which College Admissions Test You Took If it’s been a while since you took your college admissions exam, you may not recall whether you took the  ACT or SAT  in high school. Here’s a hint: Your composite  ACT score  will be a two-digit number between 1 and 36. Your SAT score will be a three- or four-digit score. Remember that the ACT test has changed quite a bit in over the years, so the questions have changed and the score you received would be scaled a bit differently now. If you took the ACT, keep reading. If it was the  SAT,  you will need to contact the College Board to obtain your old scores. Request Your Scores There are three ways you can request your ACT scores. Online:  If you have your ACT online account information handy, you can log in to access your scores. Your account will include a list of all the times you took the ACT and youll be able to select which old scores youd like to see or have sent to a college or university. You can find old ACT test scores from October 1966 until the present. If you don’t know your password or other online account details, you can email the ACT help desk, use the online chat feature, or call 319-337-1270 for assistance.  By phone:  Order scores by  phone by calling 319-337-1270. Note that only priority reports (which require an additional fee) may be ordered by phone. Phone orders also include an additional $15.00 fee per report.By mail:  Download the request form and send it to ACT Student Services: Score Reports,  P.O. Box 451,  Iowa City, IA 52243-0451. Youll need to include your personal information at the time of testing, including street address, and will also choose recipient s to receive your ACT scores. Pay the Fee Regular report:  The regular ACT  score report fee for a test date after September 1, 2016, is $13 per test date per report. For ACT scores for testing prior to September 1, 2016, the price is $38 per test date per report. A regular report will be delivered in about two weeks. Check the ACT website or call to confirm the current fees.Priority report:   A priority report will be delivered in three to four days. The price is $16.50 per test date per report for tests after September 1, 2016, and $41.50 per test date per report for tests taken before September 1, 2016.   Additional Tips for Finding Your Old ACT Scores Gather as much information as you can before you contact ACT for your scores. If youre completing the form and mailing your request, be sure to type or write legibly. If ACT can’t read your request, it will be delayed.   Remember that since your scores are older, the test may have changed, The ACT score reporting service will include a letter providing that information to the institutions in which youre interested.

Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation Assignment

Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation within the framework of impure public goods - Assignment Example Constructive externalities are often explained as brim end products to imply that their consequences are felt by consumers who were not in way wished for by their manufacturers. Negative externalities impose costs on the public that extends beyond the expenditure of manufacturing as initially planned by the manufacturer. Also, a manufacturer of a negative externality, who does not have to worry about its full expenditure is likely to bring into being too much damaging quantity of the item for consumption (Arriagada & Perrings 798). The way the supply of public goods is created by the individual efforts of various community members is known as aggregation technologies. It classifies scheme of public goods and gives an important point of view on contributors’ encouragement and so helps to put in plain words how individual contributions establish the overall supply of a public good. In aggregation technology of public good supply, the following categories are commonly put into consideration: undemanding summing up product, whereby the most common option, the donation of each agent settled on by simple accumulation of the aggregate levels of stipulation of the public good. For instance, the level of damage to the atmosphere caused by a contaminating gas. Such inert gases are calculated by adding each nation’s personal release. As the level of public good is indifferent to any change in income distribution among donators, when charitable involvement are constructive, the impartiality theorem applies à ¢â‚¬â€œ the amount delivered by one representative is an ideal replacement for the quantity provided by another person. In aggregation supply, we have weakest link, summation, subjective sum, and best shot. Is most cases, each component gives to the public good identically and cumulatively to the level of the good available to all for expenditure. As individual

A literature review 'what are the concepts behind sustainable housing Essay

A literature review 'what are the concepts behind sustainable housing development' - Essay Example The term ‘sustainable development’ is perhaps one of the most important terms in the context of global society. World Commission on Environment and Development defined ‘sustainable development’ as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Munier, 2005). Often people think that ‘sustainable development’ is synonymous with ‘economic development’. However the concept of sustainable development is applied to every area. Fundamentally there are three major areas that are addressed by sustainable development. These are In the present era when activities are more involved in destructions rather than constructions, it is very important to have sustainable development in both economic and social sectors. Housing development is basically a part of both social as well as economic development of the region. As a result sustainable housing development has to be considered crucial if the objectives regarding sustainable economic and social development are needed to be achieved. Housing can be seen as a basic human need and it is one of the major issues in the everyday life of people. In 1948, United Nations stated that â€Å"everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bakar, A. H. et al, n.d.). Housing initiatives have to be socially acceptable, economically viable, environmentally compatible and technically feasible in order to achieve sustainability. Sustainable housing has been defined in several different ways by different experts and organizations. The European Union provided a definition from three different perspectives – economy and society (e.g. psychological impacts and affordability), construction (e.g. construction quality) and

Analysis of Jean-Luc Godard

Analysis of Jean-Luc Godard ‘The auteur theory can be summarised most simply as an acknowledgement of the director as the primary and shaping force behind a film’ (Craig Keller). How is Godard’s ‘primary and shaping influence’ detectable, if indeed, it is? Introduction The auteur theory was a principle developed in the 1950s by a group of French film critics namely: Eric Rohmer, Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard. It was their belief that an auteur was â€Å"the single individual most responsible for whatever personal expression (if any) a movie yielded up under critical analysis†. This definition has become the most universally understood of the auteur theory and therefore the one which will be referred to during this dissertation. These critics wanted to see an end to la tradition de la qualità © of conventional cinema of the 1930s and 1940s a period coined le cinà ©ma de papa. They viewed films produced at that time to be â€Å"literary†, â€Å"lifeless† and not â€Å"truly cinematic†. Inspired by fellow film critic Alexandre Astruc’s camera-stylo theory arguing that â€Å"filmmakers should use their equipment as spontaneously, flexibly and personally as a writer uses a pen† these young critics began to break the constraints of conventional cinema. Prior to the development of the auteur theory, a large majority of films were produced, shot and edited in similar styles. Large studios, with fixed cameras and scriptwriters having overall control were common, thus creating a rigid style of film production. However, in the 1950s and 60s, a period labelled the Nouvelle Vague, French cinema was completely revolutionised. During this time films moved away from the confines of the big studios and artificial lighting; to outside, using light weight Arriflex cameras which sped up the film process. During this period directors began to experiment with several new cinematic techniques whilst implementing their own personal artistic values in films. These directors came to be known as auteurs becoming the ‘primary and shaping force’ behind their films, manipulating scenes to fit their style rather than employing the traditional method of following scriptwriter’s prompts. In terms of the auteur theory Jean-Luc Godard was seen as the truly radical auteur. By most he is today seen as one of the most innovative and artistic directors having created his own ‘Godard style’. As Godard himself suggests, â€Å"les vrais auteurs des films sont les producteurs†¦le cinema n’a d’avenir que si la camera finit par remplacer le stylo†. Godard epitomises a director out to challenge traditional cinema. Through such films as Vivre sa Vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Une femme est une femme he began to interrogate and illuminate conventional cinema via new cinematic and artistic techniques. This dissertation will assess the extent to which Jean-Luc Godard’s ‘primary and shaping influence’ is detectable in his films. In the main body of this dissertation I will consider Godard’s ability to implement his own cinematic style through several inventive techniques. I will consider his ability to challenge the barriers between off screen and on screen reality. Furthermore, I will analyse his use of camera shots, editing techniques, colour and sound so as to demonstrate his pivotal influence on the shaping of his films. I will however, also argue that any kind of definition of the auteur theory oversimplifies the realities of a film making process and can therefore not be seen as a definitive theory. Andrew Sarris explains, one of the premises for an auteur is that the director must ‘exhibit certain recurring characteristics of style which serve as his signature†¦over a group of his films’. I will, therefore, make reference to four of Godard’s films: A bout de Souffle (1960), Une femme est une femme (1961), Vivre sa vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Le Mepris (1963) to demonstrate how Godard yields personal influence in his films. One of Godard’s premises as a film director was his belief that realism was a pivotal part of film making. Godard believed that realism attempted by conventional cinema was â€Å"never exactly the same as reality, and in cinema it is of necessity faked†. It was therefore Godard’s intention to continually experiment with new ideas and make his actors improvise in certain scenes in order to encapsulate what he believed would be the closest thing to real life. Following the release of A Bout de Souffle actor Jean-Pierre Melville who played Parvulesco in the film said Godard’s movie was â€Å"anything shot anyhow†. Godard himself confirmed that â€Å"on A Bout de Souffle I used to write the evening before shooting†. According to Godard, the reason for him doing this was because â€Å"I liked to be surprised. If you know in advance everything you are going to do, it isn’t worth doing. If a show is all written down, what is the point of filming it? What use is cinema if it trails after literature?† Godards obsessive need to shape the smallest minutiae made him standout amongst his peers by firmly embedding him as the autonomous force behind all aspects of the film making process. In addition, if one reads the script of Le Mà ©pris it clearly shows his belief in improvisation to encapsulate real life. In the thirty minute apartment scene in which Camille and Paul argue, the only direction is â€Å"man in hat. Man in towel. Blond woman. Woman in black wig. Sheets on coach. Sheets off couch. Dishes on table. Love. Anger. Contempt. Tenderness.† This therefore forced the actors to improvise in the hope that the scene would be more realistic than just learning their lines by heart. This idea of filmmaking was revolutionary at the time and was a way in which Godard was implementing his own directional style to his movies. As Kreidel suggested in 1980 â€Å"[N]o one has yet made a more modern cinema than Godard†. For those familiar with Godard’s work the quote used above ‘anything shot anyhow’ should strike a chord. His use of the camera to manipulate scenes to exert his own artistic influence over his movies was just one of the ways in which his primary influence was detectable. Godard employed a range of new cinematic techniques in an attempt to escape the classical idea of a passive audience. His work was heavily influenced by Bertolt Brecht’s theory of Brechtian distanciation which encouraged the audience to make their own interpretations of what they were experiencing rather than them being simply led through a piece of theatre. Godard was influenced by Brecht’s theory in encouraging the active engagement of his audience, â€Å"he breaks the illusion of the fourth wall in order to communicate directly with the audience, usually in such an enigmatic way that he seems to be satirising the whole of communication†. In a key scene in A Bout de Souffle Michel, one of the lead protagonists, is filmed having a conversation with himself whilst driving. Traditionally this type of scene would be shot using a fly on the wall technique, Godard instead, by making Michel talk directly at the camera, creates the impression that Michel is directing his words at the audience. Manipulating the camera lens to involve the audience was just one of the techniques that Godard employed. In the opening scene in Vivre sa Vie he utilises a very different technique alienation. Rather than filming this scene in the traditional head-on format Godard places the camera lens behind the lead characters heads. In doing so the audience feels alienated from the conversation between the characters Nana and Raoul especially as their reflection in the mirror distances themselves even more from the audience. In addition, Godard never films the two characters in the same shot which not only highlights the divide between the characters but also the audience from the characters conversation. As Godard himself suggests â€Å"I also converge with the theatre through language: in my film one must listen to people speaking, particularly as their backs are often turned so that one is not distracted by their faces†. By shooting this scene from behind Godard does just that. He forces the audience to interpret the scene through what they hear and not what they see. By exploiting these techniques Godard is undoubtedly heavily exerting his influence on these films as an auteur. Godard’s use of the camera to exert a primary influence on his work often manifests itself in less obvious ways. He frequently extends the length of a single shot or slows down his camera movements to provide the viewer with adequate time to concentrate on a specific image. In Le Mà ©pris Godard is forced to do a slow panning shot in one of the final scenes of the film when Odysseus returns home to Ithica. Godard’s use of colour is so bold in this scene that if he quickly panned across the scene it would not give his viewers adequate time to concentrate on the composition of the colours. The scene is filmed in such a way that it adds to its artistic content. In much the same way as a writer’s style of writing changes or a painters brush strokes alter throughout their career, Godard’s style evolves throughout his films. He employs different techniques in each film but the one constant is his shaping influence on each of his works. In conventional cinema, colour was generally used in order to increase the commerciality of films. When it was occasionally used, it enhanced the mood in separate scenes. Godard employed a far more ambitious use of colour in his work. In his first two colour films Une femme est une femme and Le Mà ©pris he predominantly used primary colours due to his interest in â€Å"modern art: straight color, ‘pop’ art†. Godard used bold primary colours to indicate the characterisation and narrative development in his films but in such a way that it did not act upon the viewer in a directly sensual way. In Godard’s first colour film Une femme est une femme, Angela is intent on having a child with her husband Emile. Emile however, is not so keen on the idea and appears rather blasà © about the subject; he predominantly wears blue in the film which symbolises his rather laid back nature. After being repeatedly refused by Emile on the topic of having a baby, Angela goes to Emile’s friend Albert to have an affair in the hope to conceive. Albert despite being happy to oblige feels no real affection for Angela and this is shown as he mainly wears grey symbolising his disinterest in her. In Godard’s second colour film Le Mà ©pris, he continues the pattern of using colour to represent characters personalities but tends to also use colour to depict how characters emotions towards each other evolve throughout the movie. In the opening scene, Camille is lying in bed with Paul asking him if he loves different parts of her body. In this scene, Godard uses colour filters which are seen as a representative of what is going to happen in the film. If one considers that red symbolises love, white incertitude and blue coldness then it maps out what happens in the film, love to ambivalence to contempt. Furthermore, Godard manipulates colour to mirror personalities. Paul the scriptwriter in the film is seen in a grey suit with blue specks highlighting his passive personality. Jerry the ambitious American film producer is mostly seen in a blue suit, red tie and driving a red sports car which in turn suggests his dominant personality and his lust for Camille. In addition, Camille is shown in several coloured dresses throughout the film so as to emphasize her continual change of emotions. Finally Francesca, Jerry’s secretary wears a red jumper in the scene when she seduces Paul which again emphasizes Godard’s attempt to symbolise emotional currents in the film. It is important to note that several critics have suggested that Godard’s use of primary colours can also be seen as a referent to American musicals, a genre which fascinated Godard. This referent is most evidently seen in the opening credits of Une femme est une femme when bold colourful words flash up on the screen like neon lights, reflecting the lavishness of the American musical. Furthermore, other critics suggest that the primary colours are a referent to either the French flag or American flag. The extensive analysis of these critics suggests that they themselves acknowledge Godard as playing a decisive role in the production of his films. One of Godards most revolutionary impacts on French cinema was his use of editing. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, directors were focused on attempting to reduce the awareness of the film making process for the audience; enhancing what directors felt was reality.   They would therefore use techniques such as continuity editing which prevented the audience from being aware of any cuts in between scenes, enabling them to be swept up in the film. Godard however, had a strong belief about the basics of cinema in which mise en scà ©ne (the content of individual shots) is continually inflected, articulated and transformed by montage (the editing that drives a film from one shot to another. With this strong belief Godard began to edit using techniques such as the jump-cut. The jump-cut was employed by Godard in his first motion picture A bout de Souffle. Due to a need to reduce the length of the film, Godard systematically cut out whatever could be cut, while trying to maintain some rhythm†. An example of his use of jump-cuts was in the scene when Michel, the criminal, is recognised by a police officer and therefore Michel decides to shoot him. In this scene Godard zooms in on the barrel of the gun which is about to be fired by Michel. Suddenly, when Michel fires the gun there is a jump-cut and the next image is the police officer falling to the ground having been hit. Another notable example of his use of jump cut came later in the film when Patricia is riding in a stolen convertible with Michel. In this scene there are up to seven jump-cuts of Patricias head, creating discontinuity in the scene in a very clear ‘Godard style’. Whilst many critics at the time found his use of jump-cut confusing and disruptive to the flow of the film; many others recognized his â€Å"jagged unruly montage heightened the jagged, unruly mood of a story propelled more by the whims of his characters than the dictates of a predetermined story, which is something evident in his film A bout de Souffle. As has been demonstrated it is clear that Godard exerted considerable influence over the editing process. It is clear that Godard’s films are characterised by a set of stylistic methods. Principally amongst these methods is his use of sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, sound was employed in film to replicate audibly the visual emotion of a scene in order to captivate the audience and make a scene appear more ‘realistic’. Martin Heidegger highlights this tradition by suggesting that viewers have become accustomed to sound’s â€Å"elegant effects† and thus treats them as real. Godard however, firmly believed that in ‘faking’ sound to captivate the audience, one is taking away the realism that he wanted to convey in his films. A point agreed by Richard Roud who suggested that â€Å"even in the most so-called realist film, sound has always been an exception†. It was therefore Godard’s intention to restore sound so that it would captivate ‘real life’ by refusing to edit or remix any previously recorded track, which he defined as sonic realism. One of Godard’s most notable examples of this was seen in A Bout de Souffle. Due to the sound being naturally recorded there are several scenes in the film when some of the character’s conversations are muffled by natural noises. The use of natural sound reaches a peak during the scene in Patricia’s apartment when the noise of the sirens bellowing in through the open window actually drowns out the character’s dialogue. Rather than being a distraction that takes the viewer out of the moment, the use of natural sound here, and throughout the film, only heighten the realism. After all, in life, it would be unrealistic to sit in a room with an open window in the centre of Paris and not hear any intrusive sounds. Jean Collet praises Godard’s creation of realism through sound stating â€Å"[Godard applies] to sound the same demands as for the pictures. [He captures] life in what it offers to be seen-and to be heard-directly.† Godard’s artistic use of sound did change in his career with the development of post-synchronised sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, direct sound was used in films such as A Bout de Souffle. However, with the development of post-synchronised sound Godard was able to talk to the actors whilst filming so as to direct them and after synchronise the sound with the film footage. This also enabled him to implement his artistic Brechtian style of filmmaking in which he alienated his audience. In the opening scene in Vivre sa Vie, Godard uses the soundtrack in ten to twenty second bursts. The scene shows shots of Anna Karina’s face at different angles. In conventional cinema, music would generally play consistently throughout this scene to highlight the emotional state. Godard however, plays it in bursts creating discontinuity in the scene as the soundtrack stops at random intervals. As has been demonstrated, Goddard employs a wealth of techniques in his films to manipulate sound. In playing such a pivotal role, he firmly entrenches himself as the key player in his work. Rarely before had cinema seen someone wield such a crucial influence over all aspects of the film making process. Second Section It is undeniable that Godard has produced some of the most inspiring and innovative films through his use of story line and cinematic techniques. His exploitation of light, colour, and sound, editing and alienating the audience showed Godard had revolutionised traditional French cinema and in doing so has inspired modern day film directors such as Quentin Tarrantino. However, in using Keller’s summary that an auteur is simply the primary and shaping force of his films it is unquestionably oversimplifying the realities of the film making process. As Godard changed so much in his films compared to traditional cinema it is not possible for him to be praised for every aspect of his films creation. Godard said in an interview in 1983: â€Å"I find it useless to keep offering the public the ‘auteur’. In Venice, when I got the prize of the Golden Lion I said that I deserve only probably the mane of this lion, and maybe the tail. Everything in the middle should go to all the others who work on the picture: the paws to the director of photography, theface to the editor, the body to the actors. I don’t believe in the solitude of†¦the auteur with a capital A†. Furthermore, Godard admitted that him and the likes of Truffaut, Rohmer and Rivette whilst taking the plaudits for the auteur theory, exaggerated the significance of the theory so as to establish personal expression as one of the primary values in Nouvelle Vague films. Several theorists have also raised doubts as to the significance of the auteur. Foulcault and Roland Barthes suggest that all creative ideas are moulded by the social and political forces that surround us. They go on to state that ideas are contrived from the knowledge that one has gained from past experiences. If one puts this in the context of Godard’s films it would suggest that Godard’s cinematic ideas and techniques were influenced by what he has learnt from past experiences. An example of this can be seen in his indirect use of Brechtian distanciation. Whilst it is evident that he was inspired by Brecht’s idea of alienating the audience to prevent them from being passive observers can one really claim that Godards cinematic techniques were not the result of Brecht’s indirect influence? Furthermore, when analysing many of Godard’s films, Godard refers to several quotes from the likes of William Faulkner and Edgar Poe. These are quotes which could have been easily edited but instead Godard â€Å"taste for quotation† suggests that he is not the primary and shaping force in his films. Language One of Godard’s obsessions as a director was his use of language and his belief that words could represent anything. Whether his characters are just mouthing words or when they say one thing and then immediately contradict it, it exhibits his desire to become a writer through his films. In doing this he is challenging the use of words and at the same time expressing his desire to be an author, similar to that of being a novelist or playwright. He wants to aspire to the status of being a writer as though cinema is some sort of parvenu that can find legitimacy by talking about poetry of cinema and therefore elevating it to that status. Godard therefore investigated how meaningful words can express the way you feel, through his use of subtitles, language through signs and translation. Vivre sa Vie is a good example of this as the characters speak different languages and therefore need an intermediary, Francesca to put their views across. Furthermore, in one of the final scenes of Le Mepris Camille and Jerry, despite not speaking the same language use signs to express their thoughts. Camille states that she likes to type by gesturing her fingers typing on an imaginary typewriter and Jerry who gestures his reaction to this with his hands stating that she is crazy. One could also suggest that Godard is expressing his own views through the use of language. In certain scenes of Vivre sa Vie it almost appears as if Godard is either articulating his opinions through voiceovers or, uses the characters as mouth pieces of his thoughts. When Nana speaks to the philosopher she says â€Å"that we are all responsible for our actions, we are free, I am responsible (which she repeats five times)†¦you only have to take an interest in things, things are what they are, life is life.† Furthermore, in the scene when Raoul reads an extract of Edward Poe’s book†¦which is in fact Godard doing a voiceover. This Godard style is also a very good alienating technique, as whether he is speaking implicitly or explicitly he is constantly reminding the viewer that he is making a film of which he is the director. So you are therefore never able to simply surrender to the naturalistic credibility of the language in films which was the case in conventional cinema. Rather he is deliberately making the viewer aware of the film making process.

A Comparison of Repression in The Crucible and Black Ice Essay

The Crucible and Black Ice – Repression Within the small and somber courtroom, wandering eyes search for their victims; fingers of vengeance fly at the innocent with sufficient speed to free themselves of the accusations. Hear the anguishing voices of the dead, feel the fury of the falsely accused, see the pain of the convicted, smell the scent of a paradox authority, and taste the bitterness of societal repression. John Proctor devotes himself to saving his wife and bringing justice to the backward court that rises in his society. The authority makes efforts to repress his outspokenness with questions meant to steer him towards admitting to immoral deeds. Pressure builds on him as he becomes accused and forces him to live a life-threatening test. Similarly, Libby is given the challenge to succeed in the white dominating society while not betraying her own culture. Feeling repressed by teachers and students because of her color, she is torn between the decision to adopt the white world and fit in, or struggle to maintain her identity but at the same time, succeeding. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller and Black Ice by Lorene Cary, societal repression unfolds to be a troubling situation for them, however with their promising traits, they carry on towards their goal without hesitation. To start off, a comparison between the two protagonists would be their determination and ambition. After Proctor's wife is arrested, he confidently states that "my wife will never die for me! I will bring your guts into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me" (Miller 76). To reach his goal, Proctor vows to surpass any o... ...to die rather than succumb to the falseness of the authority. John Proctor is dead, but he is buried with the honor regained from trading in his life. With determination, strong-values and independence, Proctor makes his voice heard and does not succumb to the unjust authority, and because of that, he grasps in his hand the triumph of overcoming societal repression. As for Libby, she finally understands she does not have to be repressed to succeed in the white world, but instead, she can balance both her identities. She will take advantage of the privilege she is offered in the white world while she can easily slip back into her back skin at other times. So Libby overcomes societal repression as well with ambition, strong-values and fickleness, allowing her to at last skate on the black ice she has heard so much about.

A Very Indian Poem in English Essay

Nissim Ezekiel is one of those Indian poets writing in English who creates an authentic flavor of India, by his use of Indian English – Pidgin English on Bazar English, as it is often called. In this poem, the Indian flavor has been created by stressing the various mistakes which Indians commit in their use of English, by bringing in the hopes and aspirations of free India, and also the attitudes of her two hostile neighbors, China and Pakistan. Poetic Inspiration for the Poem: It all started as a comment by a friend who said that you write in English no doubt and you write English well but you don’t seem to even know or realise that thousands of Indians speak what can only be called Indian English, So from that time in all his train journeys from Mithibai College back home, he started to take some interest in the way English was being spoken on the train. Every time he heard an obvious Indian English phrase like, â€Å"I’m not knowing only.† he would take it down. When he had about a thousand of these, he thought of creating this present poem. The Indian Living Conditions: Ezekiel presents that the new generation is going after ‘fashion and foreign things.’ He presents the typical Indian make – up. The Indian living conditions are sought to be portrayed. The India of yester years is no longer to be seen here, as modernization and industrialization have speeded up the process of change. The regrettable thing in the modern world is the act of violence and anti – social tendencies proving to be a menace. Still the positive aspects like regeneration, remuneration and contraception could be thought of as a way out of the present muddle. One can certainly hope for the better and propagate the best that is thought as unique. Ancient Indian Wisdom: In the second stanza, the readers get a peep into things – Indians as Gandhi’s heir, he would opt for peace and non – violence. He is puzzled why others are not following Gandhi’s advice – while in this estimate, the ancient Indian wisdom is correct, contrastively the modern generation takes it to whatever is western and fashionable – like other Indians, he too has to improve his English language. The student interest and petty agitations make him feel sickening line Antony’s appeal to the Roman mob, he will call upon the fellow citizens to think of the past masters. Thus in the third stanza, he pronounces, In order to get away from that which is disgusting, he wants to have a cup of wine which is very good for digestion. It can be taken as equivalent to the western wine if only a little salt is added to make it a lovely drink. The poet confesses that he is the total abstainer from drinks while it is taken by addicts to gunch themselves, he for his part would turn to simple drinks like lassi. Thus, the poet tries to receive the old Gandhian days. The World Situation Today: In the fourth stanza, the poet is able to think aloud and offer his comments on the world situation today. The present conditions all over the world speak of a bad trend that give an edge to the production of dangerous weapons and try to be superior to others. The countries of the world often tie with each other in keeping themselves ahead of others in this mad competitive world. This retrace often leads to conflicts resulting in loss of precious human lives. If only one considers the other as the brother; the trend could be changed. Unity in Diversity: India is a land where the principle of ‘unity in Diversity’ is practiced. Here many communities live together even though there are some problems. This ideal situation in which one Co-exists with the other is described as Ram Rajya by the poet. He gives the hand of friendliness to the visitor and expects him to come again. The poet is optimistic when he says that he enjoys every moment of good company. So, he ends the poem by saying that he does not feel the necessity of celebrating ceremonies. Common Mistakes ‘highlighted’ in the Poem: Substrate influence on grammar is quite common. It is often frowned upon as â€Å"wrong†, but eventually becomes a regular part of the new language variant. â€Å"The Patriot† contains a number of Indian English examples: the reduplication of verbs in â€Å"fighting fighting†, the lack of indefinite and definite articles in â€Å"threw stone at Indirabehn† and â€Å"all people of world†, the use of one instead of the indefinite article a in â€Å"one glass lassi†, the excessive use of the definite article the in â€Å"not that I am ever tasting the wine†, the excessive use of the continuous tense (the -ing form) in â€Å"I am standing for peace and non-violence†, the omission of an obligatory object pronoun in â€Å"modern generation is neglecting† (instead of â€Å"neglecting this†) etc. Again, this is a satirical poem rather than a genuine example of Indian English, but the phenomena exemplified are genuine enoug h. Conclusion: Nissim Ezekiel occupies a unique position among Indo-Anglian poets of post-Independence era. Nissim opposed the idealism and romanticism of the earlier group of Indian writers in English, and tried to look at any typical Indian situation with an Indian attitude, with a novel and dynamic Indian insight. He cleverly manipulated Indian English to bring out the Indian worldview. Thus Ezekiel uses ‘Indian English,’ or ‘Babu Angrezi’ in his poetry to depict the characteristics of Indian attitude. He used irony as a weapon to depict the characteristic features of Indian attitude.

The Nepal Border Lives A Distraught, Middle Aged Woman...

Along the India-Nepal border lives a distraught, middle-aged woman named Meena Khatun. Unlike women in wealthier, more amiable communities who deal with the stresses of getting their kids to and from soccer practice, Meena had to put up with being both abused and bread like an animal by brothel owners. Her job required her to meet the needs of some 10 to 25 customers nightly. If she struggled, Meena was beaten senseless. If she complained, she was drugged to the point of unconsciousness and then given to the customer. If she expressed her agony in any way, Meena was punished severely. To establish greater control, the brothel owners impregnated Meena twice. After giving birth to a girl, Naina, and a boy, Vivek, Meena had them ruthlessly†¦show more content†¦Many women go so far as to make it a career, but most are fooled into the unjust system of prostitution unknowingly and unwillingly. Continuous financial backing creates a certain, fatal predicament when paired with these girls: When, if ever, will this vicious cycle conclude? The recent, global trend of sheer ignorance and sexual availability provides us with a reason to believe that it will not. Though grotesque and inhumane Meena’s story may be, happenings such as these are common in many regions of the world. Women and children are constantly thrashed and bloodied on a daily basis. They are puppets, defenseless against the wrath and merciless anger of the brothel owners who maneuver their taut strings. The penalty for disobedience: death or beatings. The reward for deference: living to see another day. It’s a form of enslavement that devastates the once pure innocence of women and children who are unfortunate enough to be tightly secured to its reigns. While people are generally aware of the happenings in human trafficking, much of the general public doesn’t fully grasp the problems deriving from them. When asking a CU student about what she knew about Human Trafficking, all she could reply is â€Å"I know that it’s a problem in this world and that a lot of women suffer from it†. (Gopsill) Fortunately for these individuals ignorance is bliss, for the predicaments are seldom favorable. Those who are