The Impact of the Internet on Journalism

Presentation â€Å"The greatest test confronting news-media firms today is the changing methods for dispersion of news through the news media foundation of the Internet and communication, which convey news†¦at a more noteworthy pace in increasingly available configurations and when purchasers request them† Freer (2007 p. 101).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of the Internet on Journalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freer’s words uncover that undoubtedly the web has an effect reporting dependent on the manner in which it has influenced individuals from getting to news through papers as well as TVs. The section of the web has demonstrated a hard nut to pop open as far as keeping up the customary journalists’ rehearses. Today, a large portion of the crowds don't invest their energy understanding papers, staring at the TV, or tuning in to the radio, as it was the situation for the entire of the only remaini ng century. To the more youthful ages, the utilization of online life has changed their point of view on papers. Today, individuals can get to data by means of an assortment of news channels. For example, with the new media stage, which s the web, one can get to a few media stages simultaneously through destroying. The assortments of web empowered data social event and dispersal instruments were not in presence until late 2000. For instance, blog, RSS channels, Gmail, web recordings, YouTube, Twitter, HD, Wi-Fi, iPods, Androids’, digital books, and Google news have been conceived as of late with an ability to acquire upheaval the universe of news coverage. As paper readership decreases, the utilization of internet based life increments. The crowd is devouring megabytes of data, which is by and large consistently provided by the news media. As indicated by Bird (2009, p.293), customers have had an amazing chance to get to news rapidly by means of their mobile phones or potenti ally PCs. In this manner, in light of this clue, the paper uncovers how the passage of the web has impactsly affected reporting. In any case, it will begin by giving a concise foundation of news-casting and a feature of its connection with the web. Foundation of news-casting Journalism is an activity led via prepared individuals in the field of gathering data in print, sound, or visual organization with an arrangement to move it to individuals as a method of staying up with the latest. Columnists have depended on conventional media since the disclosure of the print machine during the 1850s. As indicated by Schudson (2003), individuals depended on the papers and their activities for about a century. In any case, with the happening to the Web 2.0, there came online networks. Numerous writers and individuals have additionally figured out how to utilize such web applications to hotspot for news. The crowd has likewise increased a more noteworthy opportunity of data get to by means of pe rson to person communication destinations, utilization of wikis, utilization of video organizing, and through websites. All things considered, writers have needed to transform from their conventional styles of social occasion, bundling, and conveying news to current web put together journalism.Advertising Looking for paper with respect to interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More truth be told, the online networking represents the best test on today’s news-casting. As per Deuze (2007), the test presented by online life on news-casting might be a lasting one. Shoppers are tended towards devouring what they need, where, and when they need. The web has completely changed the essence of news coverage. The web has progressed electronic news coverage transforming it from a data change vocation to data handling one (Schudon, 1995). Web news coverage has come about to different effects. It has changed the capacity and nature of the media, empowered residents to add to media content, scatter data, counter news by means of virtual system, and to take an interest legitimately in news creation. Indeed, Jarvis (2006) alludes the web based media as arranged reporting. Effects of the Internet on Journalism The principal sway that the web on news-casting is that it has changed the capacities and nature of news coverage. This effect has been acknowledged through end of the job of guards. Residents would now be able to get to unfiltered data by means of the web. This case infers that, in spite of the fact that the guards may alter certain data to accommodate their home standards, dispose of criticism, or make it fit a specific space, the crowd has different channels of getting to data. This contention implies that the web has opened more spaces for the crowd. The time when the guardian would alter substance for the crowd has been wiped out by the web. The web has altogether changed the idea of news-cas ting on the planet today. Today, columnists from over the world can trade news data continuously. The web has advanced data trade over the globe. Live transmissions that stream by means of YouTube and Skype structure different roads that writers have consistently misused. The quality and assortment of news things have additionally expanded with more prominent data trade through the web. Columnists are likewise ready to control the guidelines of their work through live examination with other global media. The second effect of the web on news coverage is that it has changed news-casting from data dispersion to today’s’ data handling capacity (Schudson, 1995). The web, which is the latest media, has changed news coverage similarly as other media stages transformed it. The web is one of a kind in that it upgrades intelligence and contact with other media. This uniqueness has brought about noteworthy upset in news-casting and its way of life. With the web, crowd and the sou rces take practically equivalent jobs during the time spent data production.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Impact of the Internet on Journalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The past time when the media would shoot thoughts into the audience’s mind has been overwhelmed by time. Previously, a columnist with a scratch pad or a camera was compared to a monkey holding a stacked firearm and subsequently the previous enchantment projectile job of the media. Be that as it may, as per Bruns (2005), with the wide reception of the web, columnists are t contrasted and door watchers implying that their job has been diminished from the dynamic guards to lethargic entryway watchers. They have no capacity to restrict data stream: they are presently watchers or better despite everything witnesses. Columnists and residents are currently data exchangers since both depend on one another for data. Each resident can convey their feelings about certain reports by means of the web. Similarly, the crowd takes an interest during the time spent data preparing, which was previous bound for writers. Schudson (1995) asserts that the significant importance of news coverage in this period has been sectored on its capacity to expertly process data. With the current data over-burden from the web, the nature of such data can't be trusted. Today, individuals can transfer pictures and reports that are inclined toward accomplishing certain closures. To shield themselves from data misuse, the crowds need to keep counterchecking such data from confided in columnists. The third effect of the web on news coverage is that crowds have picked up the power to pick the data they need to expend. Bruns (2005) declares that the web has broken the data limits that existed throughout the years. The data world is not, at this point constrained by the topographical space. One can share news from a far mainland progressively by means of the web. The cro wds can likewise pick what to tune in to or watch by means of the web, for instance, through YouTube. They can likewise pick when to watch or hear it out through the way toward destroying. The web has empowered writers to contact their crowd 24 hours every day. This openness additionally empowers the crowds to give their criticism as well as add to media content whenever at whatever day along these lines permitting free progression of data. News coverage has additionally profited by the effect of the web. Guests can now email or joke certain remedies of incorrect reports before they are generally spread. For example, if there is a blunder of the quantity of casualties to specific mishaps, the onlooker crowd can in a split second convey to newsrooms for rectification in this way assuming the job that was at first implied for a writer before the web time. The crowd can likewise utilize the web to end the right foundation sounds, pictures, and pictures. The crowd can catch despite ever ything pictures, films, sounds, and occasions and transmit them to newsrooms with a tick of a button.Advertising Searching for article on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The web has additionally advanced the cash of data offered to people in general. Writers utilize the web to refresh data continually. The utilization of computerized broadcasting by means of the web empowers individuals to get consistent news update at the solace of their workplaces, rooms, and even games in this manner suggesting that one doesn't need to consistently convey a radio or a TV wherever the person goes. Individuals can likewise get sifted news data at whatever point they need it. Winged creature (2009) attests that, through the web empowered mobile phones, crowds can scan the web for applicable news data. The web has empowered a persistent progression of data in either measurement: from the sender to the recipient and the other way around. The same number of extraordinary newsrooms turn towards legislative issues, the web has empowered the crowd to get to crude data before it is altered to fit certain points. This mean

Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays

Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays Placoid scales are the minuscule extreme scales that spread the skin of sharks, beams, and different elasmobranchs. Despite the fact that placoid scales are like the sizes of hard fish, they are changed teeth and are secured with hard veneer. They develop out of the dermis layer and this is the reason they are called dermal denticles. Placoid scales are pressed firmly together, upheld by spines, and develop with their tips confronting in reverse. This gives the fishs skin a harsh vibe. The capacity of these scales is for security against predators. In certain sharks, they may likewise have a hydrodynamic capacity, helping them swim all the more effectively and unobtrusively. The placoid scales are molded with the end goal that little vortices structure, decreasing erosion as the shark swims. They likewise direct the water around the fish. The Structure of Placoid Scales The placoid scales develop out of the dermis, with the level rectangular base plate implanted in the skin of the fish. Like our teeth, placoid scales have an internal center of mash made up of connective tissues, veins, and nerves. Like the mash pit of a tooth, it is breast fed by a layer of odontoblast cells that discharge dentine. This hard, calcified material structures the following layer. The dentine is secured by finish like vitrodentine, which is created by the ectoderm. When the scale ejects through the epidermis, no more polish can be saved on that segment of the scale. Various species have various types of spines create to help the scales. The spines give the scales their harsh surface. It is harsh to the point that it has been utilized as sandpaper by different societies structure numerous hundreds of years. The types of fish can be recognized by the state of the scales and spines. On certain sharks, they are formed like a duck foot. Scales in hard fish develop as the fish gets bigger, however placoid scales quit developing after they arrive at a specific size, and afterward more scales are included as the fish develops. Shark Skin Leather The extreme idea of the placoid scales makes shark rawhide cowhide, called shagreen. The scales are ground down so the surface is unpleasant with adjusted distensions. It can take on color hues or be left white. It was utilized in Japan to cover blade handles, where its harsh nature was acknowledged to help structure a decent hold. Different Types of Fish Scales Ctenoid scales are another sort of toothed scales, yet the teeth are just along the external edge of the scale. They are found on fish, for example, roost that have sharp balance beams. Cycloid scales have a smooth surface and they are found on fish with delicate blade beams, including salmon and carp. They are adjusted and show development rings as they develop with the creature. Ganoid scales are jewel formed and they don't cover, yet they fit together like bits of a jigsaw puzzle. They are seen on gars, bichirs, and reedfishes, and they act like protective layer plates.

How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test

How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test Addiction Alcohol Use Print How to Take and Score the FAST Alcohol Screening Test By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on November 18, 2019 FatCamera / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The FAST alcohol screening test screens patients for hazardous drinking in busy medical offices and emergency rooms. Its specially designed to make a fast assessment. The majority of patients who take the FAST test only have to answer the first question.  So, depending on your response to the first question of the test, you might not need to answer the other questions at all. This is what makes the FAST test potentially the shortest hazardous drinking screening tool available today. Questions on the FAST Alcohol Screening Test Here are the four questions on the FAST test: 1. How often do you have eight or more drinks on one occasion? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 2. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because you had been drinking? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 3. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of your drinking? __ Never      __ Less Than Monthly      __ Monthly      __ Weekly      __ Daily or Almost Daily 4. Has a relative or friend, a doctor or other health worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down? __ No      __ Yes, but not in the last year.      __ Yes in the last year. How to Score the FAST Test To score the FAST test, use the following guide to scoring questions 1, 2 and 3: Never:  0 pointsLess than monthly:1 pointMonthly:  2 pointsWeekly:  3 pointsDaily or almost daily: 4 points To score question 4 use the guide below:   No: 0 pointsYes, but not in the last year:  2 pointsYes, in the last year:  4 points Analyzing the Results Now that you have the score, its time to analyze the results. As a general rule, higher scores are better than lower scores.   The maximum score you can get on the FAST test is 16.A total score of 3 indicates hazardous drinking.If a person answers never on the first question, he or she is not a hazardous drinker and the remaining questions are not necessary.If a person answers weekly or daily or almost daily on the first question, he or she is considered a hazardous drinker and you can skip the rest of the questions.If a person answers monthly or less than monthly to the first question, you need the other three questions to complete the screening for hazardous drinking. The FAST Test Compare With  the AUDIT Test and Cage Test The  AUDIT test, a longer screening test, is also an effective screening tool. However, it takes too long to administer and score in most busy physician offices and emergency rooms.   The FAST test is a short, two-phase test that  has four key questions from the AUDIT test. When compared to the full AUDIT test, the FAST test detects 93 percent of hazardous drinkers detected by the longer version. The  CAGE test  measures  alcohol dependency  over a lifetime and, like the FAST test, has four questions. The FAST test, in contrast, measures hazardous drinking in the past 12 months.

Psychology The Behaviourist Approach And The Biological

An Introduction To Psychology Part 1 (AC1) Two perspectives in psychology are the behaviourist approach and the biological (also known as physiological) approach. These perspectives consist of different theories, research methods and treatments in relation to mental illness. The behaviourist approach believes that people, as well as animals, are controlled by their surrounding environment which has a direct impact upon their behaviour and whether they would suffer from mental illness (McLeod, S. 2007). Whereas the biological approach views genes, chromosomes and the nervous system as contributing factors to mental health and the way people behave, this theory believes that people have inherited traits of mental illness which may have adapted through evolution. These perspectives argue whether nature (biological) or nurture (behaviourist) have an influence over life and life decisions which has caused numerous ongoing debates (McLeod, S. 2007). Between the 1920s and the 1950s the behaviourist approach was often primarily used. Behaviourists thought that psychology should be viewed as scientific, therefore theories within the approach consisted of controlled observations and measurements of behaviour which resulted in quantitative data, sometimes through the process of experiments. Within this perspective there is no room for free will, as all behaviour and thoughts are determined by the environment (Don, K. 2015), this is also the case from the biological aspect as theyShow MoreRelatedThe, Biological And Humanistic Approaches And Will Compare And Contrast Assumptions On Human Behavior1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn psychology there are many different approaches to understanding the complexity of human behaviour, all of which have different methods of testing what factors can influence behaviour, varying from scientific to pure assumption in an attempt to understand human behaviour. 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The behaviourist perspective is a scientific approach within psychology whichRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective And The Biological Perspective1306 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology is made up of many perspectives, such as, behavioural, biological, cognitive, social, humanistic and finally, psychodynamic. This essay will focus on the behavioural perspective and the biological perspective. According to J Walker (2012) the behavioural perspective is based on behaviourism and is the study of observing behaviour when in certain contexts and events. The biological perspective however, explains behaviour by focusing on the function of the nervous system, genes and the brainRead MoreWhat Causes Aggression? Is It an ‘Instinct’ or a ‘Learned Behaviour’?1703 Words   |  7 Pageswhich focus on biological or social environment influences. The following essay is going to explore and contrast the distinct views of the biological and behaviourist domains on determining ag gression. It will walk through the core ideas which form the basis for each theory and illustrate the main differences on whether they view aggression as an instinct or as a learned behaviour. I will conclude by assessing the validity of each theory based on existing research. The biological domain views aggressiveRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology1007 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology There are many different schools of psychology, each have their own views and they all look at psychology from different perspectives. I am going to outline six perspectives and then compare and contrast two schools. The biological perspective and major figures such as Karl Lashley looks to the body to explain the mind, they look at hormones, genes, the brain, and the central nervous system to explain the way we think, Read MoreSocial And Cultural Context Of Psychology818 Words   |  4 PagesKatja Gavrilina Define the term Psychology and discuss its history in light of social and cultural context, highlighting the significance of different perspectives in Psychology. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes and human behaviour. It had roots in philosophy and physiology, before becoming an independent scientific discipline in the late 1800 s. Descartes (1641) suggested that the mind and the body work separately, together creating the human experienceRead MoreThe Learning ( Or Behaviourist ) Approach1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe learning (or behaviourist) approach, at its core, is about how experience affects our behaviour and how we learn behaviours. This approach postulates that all humans are born as ‘blank slates’ and we become shaped by the environment that the person lives in. Behaviourism is concerned with the observable characteristics of humankind; their behaviour. This approach dismisses any internal workings because these workings are too subjective and difficult to observe; whereas observable behaviour canRead MoreEssay about History of Psychology1417 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the reasons for t he development of psychology as an academic discipline in the 19th and 20th centuries, making explicit the important turning points and breakthroughs. In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to thisRead MoreThe Application Of Psychological Perspectives Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesCertificate of Introduction to Psychology Assignment 1 The Application of Psychological Perspectives By Laura Burke Introduction The term psychology has taken on many meanings and definitions throughout the years, however, my favourite comes from Emma Zara O’Brien: â€Å"Psychology is the study of people: how they think, act, react and interact. Psychology is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivations underlying behaviour. In their search for the causes of diverse

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Thinking Errors Found and Fixed Free Essays

The Franklin Reality Model is a modeling technique that works to restructure thinging errors by way of cognitive thinking. Process is a step by step process where as you have a decision to make and you are given a few decisions, you make the one that you think will work, for whatever reason. Step two of this process is deciphering what effects come about from that decision, effectively you will begin to see a ripple effect based upon your choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Errors Found and Fixed or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ripple effect can be positive or negative, once again depending upon your choice but the technique gets one to thinking about the simple effects of what seems to be a simple solution until they learn to start thinking ahead about their actions before they act. To live, to love and be loved, to feel important, and variety are the basic components of this model. There are also seven natural laws within this model and they are 1. If the results of your behavior do not meet your needs, there is an incorrect principle on your belief window. 2) Results take time to measure. 3) Growth is the process of changing principles on your belief window. 4) If your self-worth is dependent on anything external, you are in big trouble. 5) Addictive behavior is the result of deep and unmet needs (of the four human needs mentioned above). 6) The mind will naturally seek harmony when presented with two opposing principles. 7) When the results of your behavior do meet your needs you experience inner peace. (Franklin Reality Model) In this model we place principles upon our beliefs. For example Saving money is a waste because I’m going to spend it anyway is a belief on a principle. With this thought then you can be assured that you won’t save any money and there will come a time when a repair on a vehicle is needed, or you lose a job and have no money to pay your bills; when this happens then what? This model has been effectively used and has effectively altered people’s way of thinking. Those with behaviorial issues to those with addiction issues have benefitted from this and the developers of this program use it with a high rate of recidivism within the prison systems. This gets to the root of an issue, of a bad thought pattern, how can one ignore this and at least not try. It is an eye opener exercise for everyone. References FRANKLIN REALITY MODEL. AS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING. 1986. http://www. gwcinc. com/C_Reddick/FranklinRealityModelAsCognitiveRestructuring. htm How to cite Thinking Errors Found and Fixed, Papers

Accounting Theory and Relation of People’s Behaviors †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Relation of Peoples Behaviors. Answer: Introduction The papers principal object is the examination of the validity and existence of the positive research comparison together with positiveaccounting to conclude on the relation of peoples behaviors and alsoaccounting settings. The papers targets are into drawing a meaningful conclusion while undertaking testing by using statistics and hypothesis tools. Critics are targeting the understanding of deficiencies and areas needing improvement on the research of models and also techniques. (Dunmore, 2009). The principal reason behind this argumentation is discussed with various results of coefficients and regressions. Its worthy to test whether positiveaccounting is accomplishing its goals and objectives or not while its been used widely these days (Lapsley, 2012). The matters that are being discussed here are samples from good papers, prospects of potential and positive accounting as discussed in the kuhnian crisis and revolution. Summarizing the justification of real reasons behind the reaso n why positive accounting research hasnt been able to accomplish its total potential which is been justified by critics. Summary of the Article Human being have different perception as per different scenario, they are logical. Hence, human beings never react the same way in two same situations; human beings react based on the circumstances and situations. Various situation leads to a different course of action. The difference in the matter and the factors lead us to various responses to the scenarios. Shortly, its more related to the type of situation. Different religious beliefs are examined and various scientific researches have been undertaken which results that the whole world is rational. All acts dont matter if theyre right or wrong is based on specific actions (Hopwood, 2007). The main object of this paper is the argument of human behavior and inquiries on scientific research. This paper will offer suggestions which could be of help in achieving the increased effectiveness of the positive research. There are many different research models based on positive research assuming human beings act rationally but never in the same cases or situations. The fundamental concept is applicable in almost all cases at the end the results suffer significant variations. The mistakes that happen are traced by the auditors. Management continues making faulty decisions that puts the entire flow at risk. Its very imperative and designated to happening cause therere some maters being considered from different perspectives and hence, also being pointed out by auditors leading to errors caused by management. Through different methods been applied understanding reactions coming from auditors basing themselves on human behaviors still are true reasons behind the above which hasnt been ascertained to these days. However, selecting samples picking them up for hypothesis is very important. These samples are in need on being corrected otherwise every research may not appear in correct directions (Tinker et. al, 1982). The highest important objective must be put to test and compared to different theories than to test just one theory under different conditions. The differentiation between two or various techniques is very important because they lead to better responses and any decision can be made regarding the selection. This paper is focusing in a more specific theoretical models needed. This is due to the fact that researchs need to be accurate because all decisions depend on them. Hence, in the view of different circumstances, its very essential that models development should get done attributing the benefits of researchs and the influence on the management (Christenson, 1983). The concepts of measurement are not well defined. As results coming from the testing if this is not done as required. Hence, it suggests the estimation of parameters. When the parameters are put to definition in a successful manner, it will provide strong support to all the decision making process. One disciplined and better defined activity of researching can be induced only if new concepts on measurement would be suggested. Thus, accurate concepts on measurement along with very limited research will be helping on the achievement of the objectives (Antle et. al, 2006). Research Question Examination of the effect of positiveaccounting research is the search question this article is focusing on and also targets the existence identifying logical or previously defined notions basing themselves in which all accountants and auditors make decisions very accordingly. One hypothesis test is conducted and samples are taken to the audits fees charging on the size of the audit firm and its challenges. These tests are being conducted to exanimate the basis of these audit fees, the use of regression techniques and also strategy used by all auditors in presentation of reports prepared by them and only them (Frankel et. al, 2002). The hypothesis is also based on quantities research, further beyond, only qualitative research tests whether auditors follow theatrical frameworks or also the validation of these frameworks and its relevance based on the report published. Results coming from it automatically are proof of both hypothesis and testing cannot be fooled ever and will not be ap plied practically. Hypothesis targets proves null hypotheses are wrong although results are based on samples. The big picture cannot be red mentioned through this process. This proves testings based on hypothesis are the providers of weak evidence. Thus it results in creating a doubt on the established facts. All the facts and measures cannot be depended as it is based on weak evidences. The facts can never be considered as accurate because of the sampling and the method. Although we are unaware of the facts as to which one is correct and which one is not. Hence, the hypothesis does not play an important role in the positive accounting research thereby stressing on the fact that the research does not provide a huge support to the positive accounting system. It seems to be identified wether positive accounting research is able to meet its targets or not. Wouldnt be wrong if we said that it would be very surprising to see theories succeding based on qualitative and quantitative research models (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework Accounting entities behaviors and auditors are never a match. It results to different behavioral paths which are being under observation in research and hypothesis conduction. Even though accountancy profession is governed by a big set of rules which is required to be well follow by all accountants and all accountants need to be depending on these set of rules in the accounting standards as issue by ministry of corporate affair and the chartered accountants institute still going through the research from these standards which can never suffer avoiding (Watts Supreme, 1986). The principal reason behind all research is deviation from all given rules set provided. Rigid rules cant be overlapped however, situations leading to deviations from rules are there, and results might not be obtained. All research is interdependent. To make tests of the positive accounting effectiveness the methods we must use are hypothesis and statistics.it cant also be avoided or mistaken, as therere flaws in relation to statistical methods which returns are due to conditions behind all hypothesis as null hypothesis, and also its occurrence probability (Ahmadi, 2011). This has already been mentioned earlier saying hypothesis results are depending on samples chosen to conducting hypothesis. Therefore, there are well-known facts of sampling plays the main role in every hypothesis. Samples chosen may not be right and hence wouldnt necessarily reflect the big and true picture of all total population. Samples may also get selected according to defined sets of parameters, however that particular sample may not have any relation to the while population sets and thereby comment on the whole population, by the help of samples this is not a rational judgment (Hopwood, 2007). Theres other loophole in association to the test of hypothesis being under conduction for researchs given. The second drawback will be that one alternative hypothesis is being put under consideration to compare and if it results to be weak then the results will not be effective as it might be proof of consistence with all different theories (Kaplan, 2011). At times, happens that each system is weak and not able to the generation of results in that case, the objective might fail and be unable to provide the accurate results. The Significance and Limitations of the Article The description with details of all testing and hypothesis methods above show us the clear picture where there are a lot of limitations to all those methods. To overcome these limitations an approach which is more advanced and practical will have to be applied and adopted thoroughly (Broadbent, 2010). This means a lot of research is required in the field and then a decision is needed to be undertaken. The author has very well identified the limitations of the testing methods as the critic of the concept is very well presented by the findings of the various authors. The author has concluded using theoretical assumption from the research being conducted based on the statistical methods that positive accounting research is not being able to achieve its aims and objectives. It is also being proved that the human beings act rationally hence the accountants and the auditors also give their reactions based on the facts and circumstances (Francis, 2006). Hence it also helps us in giving a better understanding of the fact that the methodologies used for testing are not useful in providing any meaningful solutions which could help in the contribution to the positive accounting research. Therefore, the development of a model that is more integrated is the need of the hour. It will help in providing stability to the research and lead to a better course of activity (Ashton et. al, 2004). However, it is really important to note that the author helped in discussing, identifying and providing the solutions that would help in a successful research program rather than only focusing on the limitations of the testing done on the basis of the hypothesis of the positive research program (Deegan, 2009). The methods suggested are analytical models, focus on measurement, replication, and using qualitative samples rather than the quantity. It also helps in understanding and knowing how a theoretically strong framework can be made and implemented to achieve its results. Therefore, the article stresses on ideas regarding the development of a framework that will be result oriented and will help the profession in the long run. Moreover, it is really urgent to have a strong model in practice so that the accounting profession is benefitted through it. The discussion clearly states that there are deficiencies in the system and it needs to be removed by brining a strong model into practi ce otherwise the very objective of research will prove to be of no avail. Conclusions The paper helps us in gaining an understanding that though positive accounting research has its limitations still it can be published though it deviates from its objective. Though it is diverting from the actual standard it also helps us to identify that a further research may occur which would definitely help in improving the quality of the positive accounting research and which would be beneficial to the profession of accounting and auditing both. There are various theories that are not challenged as because it is being assumed that these theories are applicable though they have never been experienced by anyone till date in the practical world of today. However, it is nowhere to conclude on the point that though there are deficiencies that exist in the social system but still the scope of further research in order to improve the accounting and auditing profession cannot be made limited. And there will always be a hope for the much better social system which would be in the pace wit h the growing knowledge and technology. This needs to be taken into consideration and a new model should be framed that will help in a better course of activity. References Ahmadi MR 2011, Comparative analysis of grammatical approach and positive approach in the process of theorizing about knowledge accounting, Journal of Financial Accounting, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 71-88. Antle, R, Gordon, E, Narayanamoorthy, G Zhou, L 2006, The joint de-termination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals, Review of Quantitative Finance Accounting vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 235-266. 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